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THE CLOUDS 


OF 


ARISTOPHANES. 


WITH NOTES, 


ae. 


C. C. FELTON; LL. D., 


LATE PRESIDENT OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 


SEVENTH EDITION, REVISED 


BY 


W. W. GOODWIN, 


ELIOT PROFESSOR OF GREEK LITERATURE IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 





BOSTON: 
JOHN ALLYN, PUBLISHER. 
1877. 


Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1861, by 
JOR N BARTEL Bere 
im the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the District of Massachneetts. 


i. 





PREFACE. 


ARISTOPHANES was the son of Philippus, an Athenian 
citizen, belonging to the Cydathenezan borough and the 
Pandionian tribe. The dates of his birth and death are 
equally unknown. He is said to have been a mere youth 
when he first employed himself in writing comedy; and as 
his earliest piece, The Revellers, was brought out B. c. 427, 
the approximate date of his birth has been assumed as B. ©. 
444, on the supposition that the words of the scholiast, 
oyedov pewpaxioxos, designate about the. age of seventeen.* 
His last recorded representation in his own name was that 
of the Second Plutus, B. c. 388, one year before the peace 
of Antalcidas, and in the fifty-sixth year of the poet’s life. 
It is stated in the Greek argument, that he resigned his two 
later pieces, the Cocalos and the Xolosicon, to his son 
Araros, who had been introduced to the theatrical public as 
an actor in the Plutus. The probability is, that Aristo- 





* See note on line 530. 
(iii) 


iv PREFACE. 


phanes lived but a few years more. The latest period 
assumed as the date of his death is B. c. 880. 

Aristophanes, very early in life, came into violent con- 
flict with the demagogues, who had risen to power after 
the. death of Pericles. One of the most noted popular 
favorites of the times was Cleon, who is known to us, not 
only by the witty exaggerations of the comic poets, but 
by the accurate historical delineation ef Thucydides. For 
about six years of the Peloponnesian war, this brawler 
stood at the head of the party opposed to peace. He was 
a man of low origin, a tanner by trade, but well qualified 
by his natural shrewdness, his impudence, his power of 
coarse invective against better men, his violent and cruel 
disposition, his fluent speech and vulgar manners, to be the 
favorite of the populace. When Mitylene surrendered to 
the Athenian forces, B.c. 427, he was the author of a 
decree that all the adult males should be put to death, and 
the women and children sold into slavery; but the sober 
second thought of the people saved them from this great 
crime, and the decree was rescinded the next day. With 
this mighty representative of the worst portion of the 
Athenian democracy Aristophanes commenced a warfare, 
in which he put forth all the energies of his wit and his 
genius. At the Dionysiac festival of the following spring, 
B.C. 426, he brought out his Babylonians, in which he 
assailed Cleon, and boldly satirized the democracy. This 
was a daring attempt, and Cleon was not long in devising 
measures for vengeance. It seems that the father of Aris- 
tophanes possessed estates in Adgina and Rhodes, and that 
affairs of business frequently called him thither. Possibly, 


PREFACE. 7 


therefore, the youth of the poet may have been passed 
away from Athens.* These circumstances were seized 
upon by Cleon, and made the basis of a prosecution 
for incivism,—a keving yeaqi,— which, had it been suc- 
cessful, would have silenced the terrible wit of the poet 
for ever. 

The comedy of The Knights was brought upon the stage 
B.c. 424, The corruptions of the ecclesia are exposed in 
this piece, and the character of Cleon, who appears as one 
of the persons of the drama, is drawn with wonderful 
_ power. He is again held up to ridicule in The Wasps 
(exhibited B. c. 422), a drama which gives,a masterly and 
most amusing picture of the Athenian courts, and the pas- 
sion of the people for litigation. These are the principal 
passages in the warfare between the poet and the dema- 
gogue. 

Aristophanes is said to have written above sixty come- 
dies, of which eleven are extant. Ten of these belong to 
the old comedy, and one, the Plutus, to the new. 

Besides their poetical merits, the works of Aristophanes 
are of great historical value. He was a. conservative, 
strongly opposed to the political, literary, and moral tenden- 
cies of his age. In the delineation of characters, he used 
the unscrupulous exaggerations which were common to all 
the writers of the ancient comedy. The names of promi- 
nent men, whether in politics, philosophy, or poetry, were 
brought forward with the most unhesitating freedom, and 





* Bode thinks he may have been born abroad. Geschichte der 
Hellenischen Dichtkunst, Vol. III. Part II. p. 219 
a* 


* 


vi PREFACE. 


‘their conduct was handled with a severity that showed as 
little regard for individual rights and the claims of private 
character as is exhibited by the modern political press.* 
To the credit of Aristophanes it must be said, that, with few 
exceptions, the individuals selected by him for attack were 
persons deserving the reprobation of honest men. The 
principal exceptions to this remark are Euripides and 
Socrates, especially the latter. How far the bitter sarcasms 
upon Euripides were justified by the influence of some of 
that poet’s writings upon the morals of the age, it is impos- 
sible now to determine with a satisfactory degree of proba- 
bility. : 

The conflict waged by Aristophanes against the sophists 
was one of no less importance than that against the dema- 
gogues. The comedy of The Clouds, in which the main 
points of the contest are embodied, is, for many reasons, 
one of the most interesting remains of the theatrical litera- 
ture of Athens. Though, like every other comedy, its wit 
turns upon local and temporary relations, it has, what is not 
common to every other comedy, a moral import of per- 
manent value. It was written at a time of great changes 
in the national character of the Greeks, and bears marks 
of its author’s determined opposition to the new ethical and 
philosophical views that were eating into the very heart of 
the national virtues. ‘The Peloponnesian war had for 
eight years been desolating the fair fields of Greece; a war 





* For a discussion of the relation between Aristophanes and the 
most eminent of his contemporaries, see Rotscher’s Aristophanes und 
sein Zcitalter, pp. 212-294, 


PREFACE. ii 
"in which, whatever party gained the victory, the losses and 
the woes of defeat fell upon Greeks; let success alight 
where it would, its effects were disastrous to the Hellenic 
race. One public calamity usually accompanies another ; 
and when the ancient virtue of Athens was unnerved, the 
sophists flocked from every side to batten on the vices of 
that giddy-paced capital. No class of men known to his- 
tory have ever been so worthy of the execrations of the 
world as the Greek sophists of that age, except, perhaps, 
the philosophers — those birds of evil omen — whose boding 
cries foretold the storms of the French Revolution: 

A clear-headed and honorable citizen must have looked 
upon the unprincipled teachings of these reprobates with 
abhorrence, and, if he were a man of génius, he would 
task his powers to the utmost for the purpose of putting 
down the moral nuisance. In modern times, such a man 
would resort to the press as the mightiest engine to aid 
him in waging the holy warfare. In ancient Attic days, he 
resorted to the comic stage. The freedom of the old comic 
theatre, before the bloody reign of the Thirty, was to the 
Athenians what the freedom of the press is to the modern 
constitutional states ; and the restraints imposed upon the 
comic theatre by that formidable oligarchy were precisely 
the same thing as the censorship of the press is under 
modern despotisms. Aristophanes was the great master of 
ancient comedy, and, when he saw the progress the sophists 
were making towards the ruin of his country’s morals and 
manners, let loose upon the offenders the gleaming shafts of 
his angry genius, — 

Acwh b& KAayy) yéver’ dpyvpéoo Bwio. 


vul PREFACE. 


Before the comedy of The Clouds was produced, Arise 
tophanes had brought out The Revellers, The Babylcnians, 
The Acharnians, and The Knights. Two of these, The 
Acharnians and The Knights had been honored with the 
first prize. B.C. 424, he appeared with The Clouds; but, 
notwithstanding the distinguished merits of the piece,— in 
the author’s opinion it was the best he had ever written, — 
the judges awarded the first prize to Cratinus, and the 
second to Ameipsias, and only the third honors were de- 
creed to Aristophanes. The following year he brought for- 
ward the Second Clouds, in which he complains with 
humorous bitterness of the injustice that had been done 
him, and affirms, that, the sentence of the judges to the 
contrary, notwithstanding, this comedy was the most skil- 
fully constructed of all his pieces. Besides the ingenious 
compliments he pays to the Attic audience, he makes his 
chorus utter various whimsical threats to deter the judges 
from committing a second blunder.* 

Not only the base principles of the sophists are exposed, 
but their absurd and affected language is ridiculed with 
masterly effect. The oddities of manner by which they 
undertook to impose upon the popular credulity, and set 





* Fritsche, however, is of opinion that the first Clouds was 
materially different from the play as we now have it; and that 
the latter, written to bring contempt upon Socrates, was never 
represented, in consequence of a reconciliation brought about be- 
tween the poet and the philosopher. See Questiones Aristophanes 
(De Socrate Veterorum Comicorum Dissertatio, pp. 99, seqq.). The 
arguments for this opinion, though ingenious, are not conclusive. 


PREFACE. ix 


themselves apart from the rest of the world, are held up to 
scorn and contempt. But in this piece the poet’s satire by 
no means hits the sophists alone. His arrows fly in every 
direction, — arty ava orgatéy,—and strike at public and 
private vices, wherever found. The peculator, the dema- 
gogue, the coward, the libertine, wore no armor thick and 
hard enough to shield them from the fatal dart. The pom- 
pous poet, who substituted forced and unnatural phrases and 
extravagant imagery for simplicity of thought and clearness 
of expression, thereby corrupting the public taste, —the 
musician, who adopted an effeminate style, instead of the 
ancient airs that roused the souls of the heroes of Marathon 
like the sound of a trumpet,—and the dancer, who set 
aside the modest movements of an earlier and better age, to 
introduce the licentiousness of the Cordax, thereby melting 
away the manly virtues of the youthful generation, — all 
felt the keen edge of that satire, whose temper still keeps 
its fineness, and whose brilliancy is scarcely dimmed by the 
rust of more than twenty centuries. 

It is very unfortunate for the fame of Aristophanes, that 
he selected Socrates as the type and representative of the 
sophists. Little could he imagine the effect this was destined 
to have upon his reputation for many centuries. Little could 
he foresee that the stories repeated by lian would be 
allowed to tarnish his name, until the learning and sagacity 
of modern critics should redeem it from the bitter reproach 
of having caused the death of the noblest man of his age. 
We cannot help regretting and condemning the poet’s mis- 
taken choice of Socrates for the chief personage in the 
play; we must censure the wantonness of the attack upon 


x PREFACE. 


his person, making a good and great man the object of his 
overwhelming ridicule: but no ground exists for the cal- 
umny, that he was bribed by the enemies of the philoso- 
pher ; it is impossible that he should have been influenced 
by the malicious prosecutors, Anytus, Melitus, and Lycon ; 
and there is not much reason to suppose that the represen- 
tation of the comedy had any further effect upon the repu- 
tation of Socrates than to connect, in the popular mind, 
some ludicrous associations with his name, and perhaps to 
strengthen the prejudices fomented against him by his ene- 
mies; an effect certainly to be lamented, but not to be 
charged upon the poet as a proof of settled malignity, and 
of the diabolical intent to bring the greatest and best of the 
Athenians to the hemlock. 

It must be remembered, too, that Socrates was not to all 
of his contemporaries what he is to us. He was charged 
by some with the common vices of his age; from this 
charge, however, the Memorabilia of Xenophon amply vin- 
dicates him. There are three principal delineations of 
Socrates which have come down to us. In an historical 
point of view, the Memorabilia of Xenophon contains the 
most important and authentic. The principles of the great 
teacher are, no doubt, here recorded with fidelity. The 
Socrates of the Platonic Dialogues probably unites with the 
main features of a truthful representation many fictitious 
details. He is, in many points, to be regarded as a dra- 
matic character, through whom Plato intended to convey 
his own opinions, without, however, putting into his mouth 
any sentiments strongly at. variance with the well-known 
opinions of his teacher. Looked upon in this view, the 


PREFACE. , ie 
Socrates of Plato is one of the most original and masterly 
creations of genius; but it is impossible to draw the line 
here between the Dichtung and the Wahrheit. The third 
representation is that which has been handed down hy the 
comic poet,—the Socrates of the ancient comedians. This 
character is partly historical and partly fictitious. That 
Socrates really occupied himself with the investigations of 
the physical philosophers, in the early part of his life, and 
availed himself of the teachings of the sophists, is undoubt- 
. edly true; but he renounced and opposed them, the moment 
his piercing intellect discerned the hollowness of their pre- 
tensions.* His manner, however, if not his character, was 
marked by peculiarities that naturally laid him open to the 
sarcasms of the comic poets and the attacks of his enemies. 
The singularity of his appearance and figure, the profound 
abstraction into which he occasionally fell, in spite of his 
otherwise eminently practical character, and notwithstand- 
ing the fearless bravery with which, when occasion called, 
he met the dangers of war, and the still more formidable 
dangers of the “ardor civium prava jubentium,” as when 
he happened to be president for the day of the assembly 
that tried the generals after the battle of Arginouse, held 
out great temptations to the unscrupulous satirists who pos- 
sessed the public ear. It really seems as if he occasionally 
“put an antic humor on,” for the purpose of making people 





* This subject is ably handled by Siivern, in his paper on The 
Clouds, translated by W, R. Hamilton, F. R. S.; by Wiggers, in his 
Life of Socrates; and by Meiners, in the Geschichte der Wissens- 
ehaften, Vol. II. pp. 346, seqq. 


xii PREFACE. 

open their eyes and wonder. Such a whimsical incident as 
that recorded of his demeanor at the siege of Potidea —his 
standing all night in a phrontistic reverie, until sunrise the 
next morning, drawing upon himself the curious and laugh- 
ing eyes of the soldiery — certainly would lower the 
dignity of a philosopher in any age, and excite the ridicule 
of a people much less quick to see absurdities than the 
ancient Athenians. His way of asking questions — that 
searching irony on which he plumed himself not a little — 
must have been maddening to the disputatious little men - 
whom he was so fond of encountering and disarming. The 
outward courtesy which veiled his keen and cutting inter- 
rogatories made them only the more provoking and hard to 
bear. The most persevering question-asker of modern 
times is but a small annoyer, compared to the master ot 
Attic dialectics, who went on with a strain of remorseless 
irony, until the victim sunk under the inevitable reductio ad 


absurdum.* 





* Besides these facts, it must be remembered that Socrates spent 
his time, not in the official service of the state, but in wandering 
about the streets and public places of the city, or discoursing with 
artisans in the workshops. He was followed by crowds of listeners, 
who attached themselves to him, some for the sake of being instructed | 
by his wisdom, others drawn by the attractions of his incomparable 
wit. His wife and children were left in a great measure to them- 
selves ; for, with the spirit of a genuine Greek, Socrates placed the 
cares and duties of domestic life in the background, at least as com- 
pared with modern Christian views of the duties involved in the rela- 
tions of home. Yet, in this matter, Socrates acted on a deliberately 
formed determination to consecrate his life disinterestedly to the 
teaching of the truth. His eonduct may not inaptly be compared to 


PREFACE. xiii 


At the time when Aristophanes composed The Clouds, 
no doubt Socrates was generally regarded by the comic 





that of Howard and Whitefield. It would seem from the testimony 
of the ancients, that Xanthippe had a keener sense than most of her 
countrywomen of the natural rights of her sex, and was not exactly 
pleased with the philosophic manner in which her lord and master 
spent his time. Some modern scholars have attempted to vindicate 
her from the charge of being a common scold, which has made her 
name a by-word. They have shown satisfactorily that such anecdotes 
as that of her throwing a vessel of water upon the head of Socrates, 
and his reply, that we must always expect rain after thunder, —of 
her upsetting the table, when he brought home an unexpected guest 
to dinner, —and a good many other like specimens of termagancy, 
are the gossiping inventions of later writers. The most favorable 
decision we can adopt, however, upon a candid consideration of all 
the circumstances of the case of Xanthippe, is, that she did sometimes 
scold, but that it was pro causa. 

Among the philosophers of the later Peripatetic school, the charac- 
ter of Socrates was greatly maligned. Some of the Christian fathers 
unscrupulously adopted the calumnies of his enemies, and, apparently 
thinking that justice towards a mere heathen was not a Christian 
virtue, sometimes very absurdly exaggerated them. Theodoret 
(Sermo XII.), in contrasting the virtues of pagan philosophers with 
a Christian life, gives a pretty accurate description of Socrates. 
“ Saxparng tov ¢gidocddwy 6 Kopvdaios, Kal toi¢ yvuvaciow Kal toi¢ 
épyactnpiow dSiaAeyouevog dieTéAet,.... Kal more pév év doret diérpiBe, 
moté d& eig Ilewpaia natiy, tag mourdc eOempet, Kal toig dmAitaie de 
guvratrouevoc, kal év Tloridaig nat év Af*Ay [mistake for AnAiw] wape- 
TatteTo* Kal pév tot Kal el¢ Evocitia dry, dveixeto Kal ’Aprotodavove 
Kapwdoivtog nal ’AAKiGiadov Kwpualovtoc, Kal é¢ Béatpov dvaBuiver, 
Euvebedro TO Ojuy.” 

But he goes on to charge him with intemperance, ill-temper, and 
licentiousness, and repeats the absurd story, that Socrates had two 

B 


XIV PREFACE. 


poets only as the most sophistical of the sophists; he was 
their frequent associate, and carried their argumentative 





"wives at once, Xanthippe and Myrto, with whose quarrels he was 
accustomed to amuse himself. “ Atra: dé, ovvanrovoa payny mpd¢ 
GAAAAag, érecdav raboawvro ént Tov LoKparynv Spywvrw' dua todto pundérore 
abrac paxopuévag sraxwAdeww, yedav dé, kal dAAHAa Kal aitO paxouévag 
épévra.” This is undoubtedly a graphic description; but it has not 
the slightest foundation of fact. Myrto was a daughter of Aristides, 
to whom, in her poverty, Socrates had rendered assistance. Her age, 
if nothing else, gives the lie to the patristic scandal. Luzac, how- 
ever (De Socrate Cive, p. 7), thinks that Myrto, whom he describes 
as Aristidis Justi sanguine prognatam, was the first wife of Socrates; 
but this opinion seems unsupported by any sufficient acthority. 

The consenting voices of succeeding generations have pronounced 
the character of Socrates to be the highest and purest of all antiquity. 
The trifling foibles, if foibles they were, which laid him open to the 
ridicule of the comic poets, have had no effect in diminishing the 
reverence with which all good men consecrate his memory. The uni-~ 
versal opinion is well expressed by Meiners. “ He is distinguished 
from many of the most celebrated men by the fact, that he appears 
the more worthy of reverence the more thoroughly he is known and 
the more deeply we penetrate into his life and character..... When 
we consider how degenerate philosophy had become when Socrates 
discovered the truth, and how corrupt the people among whom he 
taught heavenly wisdom, not only without pay, but in the midst of 
incessant persecution and danger of death, it is difficult not to believe 
that he was enlightened and formed by a higher spirit, or, at least, 
that he was sent by Providence exactly at the time when the people 
most needed such a teacher. :... Socrates not only taught virtue, 
but practised it; and his whole life was purer and freer from faults 
than his philosophy from errors. In all Greek and Roman antiquity, 
I know of no one whose conduct was so irreproachable and worthy 
of imitation, and whose character was so complete in all respects, as 


PREFACE. xv 


style into other than the sophistical circles. It is far from 
wonderful that the poet had not yet learned to distinguish 
between him and them, that he still considered Socrates to 
be the very perfection of the sophistical character, and that 
he was led into the mistake of holding up to reprobation 
the man whose firmness and wit, whose clear-seeing judg- 
ment, comprehensive intelligence, and extraordinary genius 
were destined to work mightily towards the same end — the 
overthrow of the sophists— which the poet himself had so 
deeply at heart. It must be remembered, too, that the trial 
and execution of Socrates did not occur until nearly twenty- 
five years after the representation of The Clouds, — that 
neither Plato nor Xenophon, though they alluded to the 
farcical representation of The Clouds, made any important 
charge against the poet, —and that Aristophanes and Soc- 
rates, there is some reason to believe, were on friendly, if 
not intimate, terms during the interval. We know that 





that of Socrates. This sage was not only elevated above all the 
vices of his contemporaries, but, we may even say, almost above all 
the weaknesses of his race..... His wife, Xanthippe, paid him a 
tribute which probably but few women could have paid their hus- 
bands without flattery, and which requires some reflection to compre- 
hend its whole extent. Xanthippe said of her husband, that he al- 
ways had the same aspect, in coming in and in going out.” Meiners, 
Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Vol. II. pp. 346-470. 
_ Some writers have ventured to compare Socrates with Jesus of 
Nazareth. But noble as the philosopher appears among the great 
men of antiquity, the circumstances of his life make the comparison 
not only tasteless and daring, but impious toward the unspeakable 
excelleucy of the Saviour of mankind. 


- 


xvi PREFAOR. 


they were sometimes together at the symposia which Plato 
and Xenophon have immortalized. At least, they are both 
represented by Plato as taking part in the discussions of 
the Banquet. What must have been the conversation of a 
supper-party made up of such men as Socrates, Plato, 
Xenophon, and Aristophanes! What brilliant wit and 
keen repartee then shot with electric speed from guest to 
guest! What splendor of language, what depth of thought, 
what beauty of imagery, what overflow of poetic illustra- 
tion, what play of frolic fancy, sparkled round the festive 
board, outsparkling the Grecian wine! 

The greatness of the genius of Aristophanes is not gen- 
erally appreciated, and the value of his comedies, as illus- 
trations of the political antiquities, the life, morals, and 
manners of Athens, is not fully understood. The truth is, 
we are indebted to him for information upon the working 
of the Attic institutions, which, had all his plays been lost, 
we should have vainly sought for in the works of other 
authors. With what boldness and vigor does he sketch that 
many-headed despot, the Demos of Athens! With what 
austere truth does he draw the character of the Athenian 
demagogue, and in him the demagogue of all times! How 
many rays of light are poured from his comedies upon the 
popular and judicial tribunals, — the assemblies in the 
Pnyx, the Senate, and the Heliastic courts! No intelligent 
reader can doubt that Aristophanes was a man of the most 
- profound acquaintance with the political institutions of his 
age; no reader of poetic fancy can fail to see that he pos- 
sessed an extraordinary creative genius. It is impossible 
to study his works attentively, without feeling that his 


se 


PREFACE. xvii 


was one of the master minds of the Attic drama. The 
brightest flashes of a poetical spirit are constantly breaking 
out from the midst of the broadest merriment and the 
sharpest satire. An imagination of endless variety and 
strength informs those lyrical passages which gem his 
works, and are among the most precious brilliants of the 
Greek language. In the drawing of characters, his plays 
exhibit consummate skill. The clearness of his concep- 
“tions, the precision of his outlines, the consistency with 
which his personages are throughout maintained, cannot fail 
to impress the reader with the perfection of his judgment, 
and the masterly management of the resources of his art. 
His manifold and startling wit has been surpassed neither 
by the myriad-minded Shakspeare nor the inimitable Mo- 
lire. He had the inestimable advantage, too, of writing 
in a language which is undoubtedly the highest attainment 
of human speech; and all the rich varieties and harmonies 
of this wondrous instrument he held at his supreme com- 
mand. Its flexibility under his shaping hand is almost 
miraculous. The very words he wants come, like beings 
instinct with life, and fall into their proper places at his 
bidding. At one moment he is revelling in the wildest 
mirth, and the next he is sweeping through the loftiest 
region of lyrical inspiration, but the language never breaks 
down under his adventurous flight. 
But it is not to be denied that Aristophanes is often 
coarse and indecent. Some of his plays are quite unfit 
_ to have a place in any scheme of classical reading. This 
is not to be pardoned to the age im which he lived, nor 


to the men for whom he wrote; coarseness and indecency 
a 


xviii PREFACE. 

are essentially base; they always soil and degrade the lit- 
erature into which they are admitted.. Still, it is plain that 
Aristophanes was less offensive than his compeers of the 
comic theatre; an Apollo among the Satyrs of the Lenzan 
festival. Nor would he suffer, if placed side by side with 
the comic writers of any other age; compared with nearly 
every old English writer for the comic stage, he is harmless 
and almost pure. An age which has studied with fresh- 
ened ardor the elder drama of England, which calls for 
edition after edition of Ben Jonson, and bears without a 
murmur the abominations of Beaumont and Fletcher, can 
have but little fault to find with the Hellenic freedoms of 
Aristophanes, who wrote for a theatre to which women 
were not admitted. The Attic drama—at least the 
comedy, for with regard to tragedy the question is not 
settled — never felt the refining influence which the so- 
ciety of women exercises over the character and works 
of man. 

The Clouds, however, is one of the three or four pieces 
of Aristophanes which are least tainted with the universal 
plague. Nothing, therefore, has been omitted from the text 
of this edition, as but little danger is apprehended to the 
morals of young men from a few freaks of an old Athe- 
nian’s gamesome imagination, to be interpreted only by an 
assiduous use of the grammar and lexicon. Mr. Mitchell 
has expurgated his Clouds, by leaving out all the objectiona- 
ble passages,—an exercise of editorial power not very 
complimentary to the student of the drama of Aris- 
tophaes. 

The text of this edition of The Clouds is printed from 


: ‘PREFACE. xix 


Dindorf’s Poetw Scenici Greci. In some few passages, 
the readings of Hermann have been preferred. In the 
preparation of the Notes, the labors of others have been 
freely used, particularly the elegant commentaries of that 
eminent Hellenist, Mr. Mitchell, whose editions of the sep- 
arate comedies, notwithstanding occasional errors.in minute 
- points of Greek Grammar, are an honor to English scholar- 
ship. Bothe’s edition has been fond valuable in many 
respects; though his explanations are sometimes fanciful, 
and the liberties he has taken with the text are often rash, 
and his conjectures indefensible. 

The select tragedies edited by President Woolsey of 
Yale College have done not a little to awaken and extend 
a taste for the works of A‘schylus, Sophocles, and Eurip- 
ides. It is hoped that the new and engrossing duties of 
the office which he now fills, with so much benefit to the 
College, will not withdraw him from the favorite studies 
of his youth. The present comedy is offered to the lovers 
of the classic theatre, as an afterpiece to those excellent 


performances. 
‘'- Gak 


CaMBRIDGE, January, 1848. 





A few additions have been made to the notes and illus- 
trations of this edition. Some of the materials have been 
drawn from the editor’s personal observations in Greece: 
others are drawn from the curious analogies of the follies 


xx PREFACE, 


and impostures flourishing in the present day with those 
so wittily and effectively handled by the poet. The excel- 
lent edition of the Clouds by Theodor Kock has been con- 
sulted, and valuable remarks have occasionally been taken 
from his Commentary. 

C. ©. FF. 


CAMBRIDGE, June, 1857. 


PREFACE 


TO THE FOURTH EDITION. 





In this new edition of the Clouds the commentary has 
been revised, corrected, and in some instances enlarged. 
An Appendix to the Notes has been added, containing refer- 
enees to Professor Goodwin’s “Syntax of the Moods and 
Tenses of the Greek Verb,’ —a work which has already 
taken its place among the most valuable aids to the student 
in acquiring a knowledge of the refinements of the Greek 
language. 

I have seen no reason to change my opinion upon the 
general character of the poet and the object of the Clouds. 
Perhaps the view presented in the Preface to the first 
edition, which I have allowed to stand, upon the moral 
worthlessness of the Sophists as a body, is too general 
and unqualified. They probably differed much from each 
other in doctrines and aim. Some of them were not only 
cultivated, but virtuous men. Others, however, and par- 
ticularly those whom Socrates was in the habit of refuting, — 
the men who denied the existence of a fixed and unchange- 
able basis for the distinction between good and evil, right 
and wrong, truth and falsehood, honor and dishonor, — cor- 


xxii PREFACE. 


respond to the picture I have drawn of them. On the whole 
subject, I refer the student to the very able and dispassionate 
chapters of Grote, upon Socrates and the Sophists. I do 
not wholly agree with him, especially when he seems to 
extenuate the judicial crime of the Athenian people in 
putting Socrates to death. But the views of so profound 
and learned a thinker are always instructive, even when 
they appear to be wrong. If they fail to convince us, they 
at least should be allowed to moderate the confidence which 
we are apt to place in our own judgment. 


C. C. FELTON. 


CaMBRIDGE, 1861. 





In the sixth edition, many misprints which still remained 
in the Greek text, and some slight verbal errors in the notes, 
have been corrected. Some changes in the text have been 
made, chiefly by restoring the readings of the best manu- 
scripts in the place of those of less authoritys This has been 
done especially in vss. 24, 296, 367, 493, 824, 1277, 13898, 
1466, 1506, 1507. A few new passages have been inserted 
in the notes, but always enclosed in brackets. The metrical 
table, which must have accidentally escaped correction in 
the proof of the first edition, has been carefully revised, and 
numerous omissions therein have been supplied. 


W. W. GOODWIN. 


CampBripaGe, October, 1870. 








Ry | 
z ; 


- 








®ANOYE 


IZTO 





TA TOT 4PAMATOS IPOLLMA. 


* 


2TPEVIAAHS. AIKAIOZ AOTOS. 
®EMINMIAHS. AAIKOX AOTOS. 
OEPATNQN STPEVIAAOL. IASTIAS, Suvecoryg. 
MAOHTAI SQKPATOLTS. AMTNIAS, davaorys. 
ZNKPATHS. MAPTTS. 

XOPOZ NE®GEANN. XAIPEGQN. 


THOOEZIZ. 


To Spaua 16 tav Negelav xara Swxgatovs yéyountar 10v 
gihocdqgou énitndes ag xax0didacxahotrtog tovg véovg “AIjiVN Ot, 
TAY xwULKaY MEdS To's @Phovdpors eOvTHY Twa artiAoyiay* 
ovy, sig tives, Sv” “Aozéhuoy tov Maxtddvwr Baoiléa, ote mgov- 
xowev avrov “Agistopavovs. “O Zoodg 5é 6 xmuixog siangxeto 
éy Th Oozjoteg TH viY Asyousry hoyelw. Kat ore pév mgd¢ Tovs 
Umoxgitas dithéyeto, sig thy oxnyny iwga* Ore 5é anehIortoy 
Tay VroxgitaY Tors avanaiatovs Siskje1, medg TOY Syuoy ans- 
atgégero’ xa tovto éxalsito otgogy. “Hv 88 ta iopBtia te 
toduston. Hite tiv avtictgopory anodortec, nahi teTouueteor 
énéleyor iswv atlywy. “Hy 5é megi 16 mhziotoy is’. “Exulziro 
dé taita énigéjuata. “H dé olin negodog tov zogov éxadsiro 
wage Bucig. “Agratoparngs év ‘Innsvauy, 


"Hy udv tig avg tov aozutov xooumdodiScoxahos, bg hues 
"Hrdyxate héSovtug Enyn agdg 16 Iéatgov nugaByvan 


4 APISTO®ANOTS NE@EAAL. 


AAARZ. 


act tov “Agwtoperny yeaa tag Negélas avayxacdévta 
0x6 “Avitov xai Medjtov, iva diaoxépouvto motol aves ley 
Adnvuior xate Swxgarovs uxovortes.  HvidaBovtyto yag ows 
mohhovg siyev éguotas, xal puliota tovg megh "AdxiPiadny, ob 
xat éni tov Sguputos tovtov uydé vixjoo emoinouy TOY MoLNTHY. 
“O 08 mgchoyos got tay Negelay dguodiitata xat deSiotate 
avyxsiusvos. IIgecBitns yog gow aypoixos aydousvos nad} 
aotLxov Poovypatos yéwovt xot rIS euyeveiag tig mohutéheay 
anohehavxot. “H yag tov “Alupouordayr oixla, o9ev nv TO MOOS 
HNpos yévos O msigaxioxos, EE aoxns, ws gnow “Hgddotos, te 
Fecmmotgopos m; xo mokhac avnonuern vinas, TAS per *Olup- 
nlaot, tag Jé Ivdoi, éviag 5& "IoPpot nat Neueg uot éy adhoc 
ayduw. Evdoxipovoay ovy ogay 6 veavloxog anéxhive moog 10 
qiog TAY mgd pyTeds Myoydrur. 


AAARZ. 


HozoBirng tig Sreeyicdns tnd Saretwy xatanovotpevog dia 
ty innotgogiay tov nadds, Séitae tovtov, potnourvta ws TOY 
, ~ ‘ or , Ul . » 
Soxgaryy padsiv tov qttovae oyor, si nwg Dvvaito ta adixee 
léyoy év 1H Sixaotygim tors zorjotas wxqgy xoi pydert tar 
Savectarv pndiv anodotva. Ov Bovlouévov dé tov peigaxi- 
oxov, Sityvovs avtos Gay porPaven, padnriyy tov Swxgatovs 
éxxahéoug tiva Siadéyetou. "Exhudelong 58 17g Statg:Bijs, of te 
padntal xvxlw xadrjuevor muragol ovvogcrtar xal avtds 0 S0- 
xgatns ént xpeuacdIoacs aiwgotusvog xal anooxonwy Ta pmETéwge 
Semgeirar. Meta tavta tehei nagehafav tov ngsoBitny, xai 
. ’ 3 7 ~ , Pig 8 ’ ‘ 7 > 
tovs vouilouévoug nag’ avim Jeovs, Asga, moocem O& xual Ai~ 
Giga xal Nepéhag xotaxcheirar L1gos 5& ryy eigiy sivégyor- 


THOOESIZ. +5 


’ , ~ , > > , 
tot Wepéihar éy oynuats yooov xat pvatodynourtos ovx anidavag 
tov Swxeatovs anoxutactaca med¢ Tovs Fearag negi aheovwr 
Siadéyorta. Mera dé taita 6 pév noeoBitys didacxdpevos 
™ gavego tive TOY pwadynuatwy yehwtonoret* xai émedy did 

. > ’ ~ , ’ »” ® ’ 
THY apadioay &% tov pgovtiotngiou éxPudletor, aywv noog Pius 
tov vidv ovrictyat tT Swxgate. Tovrov dé euyuyortos avt@ 
éy 1@ Dedtew tov adixoy xat tov Dixo.oy déoyov, dicyoriadetg 
c w 4 . ’ , . . tae c »” 
© adixog mgd¢ tov Jixaiov hoyor, xat nagaluBwv avtoy oO adi= 

, , -0 * > c ® 
x0¢ hoyos éxd.idaoxe. Koyuioapevog O& avtov 0 natyg éxnsnovyn= 
~ 2 ~ 

pevoy énnosater tots yonotais, xol wo xatwgdwxos, evwysl Mu 

7 , ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ > ’ ? ° 
ealaSav. Tevoutvng 5&8 aegi thy svwziav avtidoylas, mhnyag 
daBow v2d tov moaidog Bony tornot, xual moocxatadohovpsvoc 
c 7 ~ . a , . s c , ~ co 3 x 
und tov maiddg or Sixaoy tovs matégag UNO TwY ViBY arti-W 

, c ~ . . . ‘ ev ’ 4 
tuntscPar, vtegahyayv dua THY MQdG TOY Vidv GUyxQoVaWY O yé= 
ear, xataoxante xal éuningnor 10 poortioTiQLoy TaY Swxga- 
totay. To dé docu tov navy duvatag menonusvar. 


et OS: 


Tata tov vioy owxgarifew Bovietas* 

Kal tig negt avrov wrzooloyiag Stati 8y 
‘Txavn, hoywr anovoe mgd¢ tovvartloy. 
Xogov bf Neehay ac enwpedy iéyorv, 

Ket tiv aoéBervav Swxgarove Suskiay ° 
“Alloar # tn’ avdocs . . xatnyogias nixgat, 
Kai tév padytay tig mateaholug éxtonwg. 
Eix’ éunvgiopos tH oxokig tov Swxgatove. 


To 5& Secux tovto th¢ Olng morjoewg xadlictoy slval qyen 
xol TExvixeitatoy. 
Ai nocita Nepéhar év corer ediday9noav ént &pyovtog “Ioag- 
you, ore Kgutivog pév évixa Ivtivn, “Auscylag 38 Kovvy. 
1* 


6 APISTO®ANOLS NEDEAAI. 


, > , ae ‘ , 7 ~ 2 
Aioney Aguotoparys SiegdipSsls nagahoyug enon Ociv avadi 

, ' ? ' ’ ’ 
Susug tag Sevtégas anousupevur 10 Séurtgor. “Anotryayr b& 
MOY wadhov xat gy tolg Ensita ovxste thy SiaoxEvAY sionyayer. 
Ai 5é Sevtegau Negpédoas éni “Ausiwviou deyortos. 

Tovto tavtdy got tT nootég@ Autoxeduotar Jé ént wégovs 
en 4.3 te pi = ee ~ ~ r ’ 4 
oo uv On avadidakar péy avto tov nointovd nyodvundértos, 

2 6 ’ ~ a] >» ’ , . 
ovxét, O& tovto Oi’ Av noTEe aitiay nowjourtog. Kadolov mér 
ovy oxsdov napa nav wéoos yeyernuévn SiePwor. To per 
yg neginontar, te dé néndextar, xol év ti taker xal ev tH THO 

’ ~ , a eee ~ ~ 
noovanwy diolhoyh pstecynuctiota. “A dé ohoozegn tH Jia- 
UxEVTS ToLUUTA Orta TETUyHxEY, aUTixa  NagUBuoLg TOU yogov 
»” ,¢ © ’ ‘ ’ »” ~ 
qHusrnte, xai onov o Olxaiog hoyos mgo¢g tov udixoy Aodei, nab 
televtaioy onov xuietor 7 Siute.By Swxgdtrove. 

A 4 , ~ ' , c . 

Thy pév xopodiuy xadijxs xara Swxgatovs, wo ToLMUTa vo- 
pifortoc, nab Nepélug xat “Adon xab th yog add’ 7G kévoug si- 
ocyortos Sainovas. Xoow & eyojoato Nepelav agdg tyyv tov 
2? A ' V A ~ ° > , . 7 . 
avdo0s xatnyogiay, xat dia tovto ovtws éntygugyn. Auttat da 
géoorvta: Negéhar. Ot dé xatyyogjourtes Swxodtovs Mélyrtos 
wot “Avvtos. 





ORMA TOY MATIZTPOY. 


“Avutog “at Mélntog Swxoutsa 1 Swpgovicxov Buoxjvartes 
goat 348 ‘ U , 2 U e b] ? , 
zat avroy un durdusvor Blawor agytguoy txavoy “Ag.otopaves 

~ > ~ . 
Sedoxuory, iva Sou xat’ avrov ovotyontur Kat oo mevodet 
eau 97 “6S 
yevorta tia Srosy.adny xuhovusvoy énldcuto vad yorov mielo- 
a \ > , \ ‘ ~ ‘ r +7 

pevoy, a On avylhoxsr negl thy tov aadog Dedinnidov inno- 

’ ° ‘ , ae . » rd , 
toopiay. Ovrw dé tovtmy éyorvtwy, wn tov O Sresy.adng th 
, . ’ , ~ hed Ul . 
Mojo neg Ta yoko, Povieveran meocuyaysy 1H) Swxgater tov 

= ~ ’ ~ . , 

éuvrov naida, iva nug’ avtod tov adixov wady hoyor, xat ovte 

’ . 2 ’ ‘ - . 
tovg Javerotag anoxgovonta. Deidinnidng péy ovy, nodda den- 

, ~ > > 
Gévtog tov nateds, agovehPeiv ovx éntivdyn. “Anotuzav O8 6 


THOOLZIZ. a, 


moarbitns tg én’ éxeivov éhnidog xai ovx tywv doris xal yé 
vata, sig Sevtegoy side mhovy. Ovdév yag tig Hdixiug poor 
! hie 2 3 ‘ »” »” 6 fe > ’ , 

tioag ovd’ év9upundels sé tow G&tonog Josey avjg éni yiguos 
ovdg parSavev xaddneg xouidn véog agyousvos, GAd’ sig Ev 
apEMgaxas povor éxsivo, éay ya oidg te yérytat Tos SaureoTas 
did nedots anootegiom Ta ZoTwaTE, a’TOS MdcEOL TH Sw- 
xgate Ovx iywv Oé UnyeEstodrta TH vonoe TOY vovr, adda 
ToLovTO; GY vig guayPurer, Oi0g xual noeiv tig madEing epAGat, 
avrog pév ansyvm nadsveoFat, MoocedIayr dé 19 madd xal ad- 
Dig mollaic néneixs talc Sejosow Eva tay Swxgatove omidytov 
yevioSar. “O 58 xat yéyove xat usuadyxs. vvictatar dé to 
Sodua é zogov Negslar. “Eye 52 xatnyogiay tov Swxgutovs, 
a] ‘ , . Ie 3 ‘ ’ , 347 
Ot tovs ouvndeg Povo agels xawe évopite Saporia, Aga 
wal Wepélag xal te to.wita. 


AAANX. 


IigeoBvrng tig Steeyradyg tad Saveiwy xatunovovpsvog dia 
tv innotgogiay tov moaiddg Séitar tovtov gourjoavta sig tov 
Swxgarny padsiv tov adixov loyor, onwe pydevi tay daveotay 

’ > ‘ ‘ ' : ~ ‘ ee +, @ 
pndéy anodoon. My Bovdousvou b& tov moiddg sivggyetae av- 
10g. Kat uy Suvcpsvog pudsiv did 10 yeas éxdidxetar. “Tn0- 
otgéwug O& xual 1@ vig néloag yay aitoy TH Zwxgete, Og 
nulésag tov dixcuoy ddyor xut Kdixov ual aigsow tH véwm Sods 

C7 

' , ~ . € 

éxdesucIoat, Sidcoxee éxeivoy tov adixoy hoyor, Madar b8 o 
ayes ts ’ « x +. £ , X 
vidg omeg éBovdsto 0 nutyg xal thy Nazutnta éxelvov xatuyvous 
TUnTEL TOY matéga avroy Esti@vta. “O Jé ahyrjoug Sid ty Tod 

’ > 
mado aogsear anthdav xataxale 10 poortictygioy, vouious 
Swxgaryy aitioy ths aosBsiag tov moaiddg tivo. Katnyogst Oa 
&vtavIa tov Swxgdrove wg aueBovg xai Svovg Georg éneioa- 
> + " ' 
yovtog apértog tovs ovrvijdes. “Eniygagerar O68 Nepéhor, dite 
, . ~ < ~ , a , LA 
nugeioaystar xooos Negelav ouilov Swxgater, ag évopite Feu, 


8 APIZTO®ANOTS NE®DEAA?. 


tig “Aguotoparns xarnyogete “O yag “Avutog xov Mélntos pIo~ 
vourtes Swxyare xal un Svrepsvor Ghiwg Playas y pavregus 
xarnyogjaa. peychou Ovtoc, ixavoy aoytguoy deduxaoy ” Agioto- 
paver tavtyy thy xoumdiay xar’ éxsivov yodwar. Te bé mg0- 
oune Stoeywdns, Deadinnidys, padyrys Swxgatovs, Swoxoarns, 
1090s Nepelar dixnasos hoyos, Kdix0g Aoyos, HMavlas Savactys, 
sagtug. 


NE®DEAAI. 





STPEWIAAHE. 
> % 3 , 
Lov tov: 
"2 Zed Bacthed, t0 yonua tav vuxtay doov 
> f 2g77 aR 2 
Anigavtov: ovdéxo? nuéou yevncetae ; 
Kai unv ndhat 7’ adextevdvos nxovo’ évya. 
Oi & oixétat Géyxovaw: GAN ove ay m0 Tov. 
*Andioo dnv, & mdhEuE, MOAAA@Y OdVExa, 
“OV ovdé xohdo’ zEeoti wot TOVs oixétas. 
"ALN 0v8? 6 yonotes ovtodl veavias 
"E Fvf pa / tAL ‘ , 8 
veigetat THS vUXTOS, GAAad wégdetat, 
"Ev névte ovovoais éynexogdvlnuévos. 
"AW si Soxsi, béyxousv éynexaduupéivor. * 
"AAW ov Sivauat Seihaos evdev Saxvduevos 


10 


c ‘ Loa! ‘4 \ me , ‘ o ~ 
Yno tys dandvns xal THs Patvys xal TOY YOEwY, 


‘ ‘ ‘ cer ¢ ‘ / » 
Ave tovtovi tov viev. “O dé xounv éyav 
“Inndletai te xat Evvapixevetat 
*Ovsigonodsit ¥ tnnovs: éya F anddivpat, 
c ied PL ‘ , > , 
Ogav ayovoay thy cednvny eixddas. 
c ‘ 4 ed a ~ , 
Oi yae toxot yagovov. “Ante, mai, Avyvor, 
Kaxpege to yoaupateioy, tv’ dvayva LaBav 
‘O ‘ ? , ’ va ‘ 4 ‘ 
mogots opeiha xai Aoyiowpat tous tOxoUS. 


15 


SO hAS v% Glbext L - \ g u 


10 NE@GDEAAT. 


4 3 Z hed ) 
Dig’ ia, ti opsiha ; Addexa uvas Hacia. 
Tov dadexa pvas acta ; Ti éyonoduny ; 
"O > 2 , s f wv / 
Tv émolduny tov xonmatiav. Oipo. tédas, 
vOS > , , ‘ >» ‘ a 
Et® e&exonny neotegoy tov optaduov dito. 
®LIATMMIAHS. 
Dihov, adinsiss ELavve tov cavtov deduov. 25 
STPEWVIAAHS. 
Tovr’ Zott tovtl to xo.xov 6 pw’ anohadenev’ 
2 ~ x ‘ , c t4 
Ovsigonohsi vag xal xatevdoy inmixyy. 
PEIAINMIALS. 
, , 39 ° ‘ , “ 
Locovs Seduovs éha ta modeusotyere ; 
ZSTPEWIAAHS. 
°"Eué pév ov modhovs tov matég’ éLavvets Sedpovs. 
*Atae ti yoéos EBa ws peta tov ITaciay ; 30 
~ ~ a b3 ~ > a 
Teeis wvai dupeicxov xai tgoxoiv *Auvvia.. 
 MEIAINUIAHS. 
* Anaye tov tnnov zahioas oixade. 
, ZTPEWIAAHZ. 
“ALN G péd? zEnhinas eué 7” éx TOV Ewa. 
“Ote xai dixas apAnxa, YaTEQOL TOXOV 
277 , , 
Eveyvedcactat pac. 
PEIAINNIAH, 
°‘Etsdy, @ wdteg, — 35 
Tt dvoxohaives xai otgéper thy vixy® SAnv ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
ddxver pe Sjuapyds tis éx TOY OTE@UATAY. 
| PEIATNMIAW. 
“Eaoov, & dawmdvie, xatadagPety té me. 
STPEWIAAHE. 
2 D obv xdPevde* ta dE yoéa tadr’ iad’ Gu 


“I> 


NE@EAAL. 11 


"Es thy xepadjy daavra tiv ony teéwetae. 40 
Dev. 

Ei apeW 7 roopvyoter dnohéioP ar xaxas, 
"Hrs we yn énjoe thy anv untéoa: 

°"Euol yee iv ayeotxos Hototos Bios, 

Eveatiayv, axdentos, eixn xeimevos, 

Bovav wshittats xai meoPdrors xal oteupvios. 45 
"Ene tynua Meyaxhéovs tov Meyaxhéous 

* Adshpdyy dyeotxos av é KotEws, 


~ il 
LDEUVNY, TOUPHOAV, EyXEXOLOVOMMEVY. Cote 
T, Uj roe ee Se: oe 2 , Si % LAIe, 
avtyny bu’ éydwovy, ovyxatexdivouny éy@ Mal 
“Oav tovyds, TEaoLas, Egiav mMEQLovoias, 50 es, 


‘H & ad pdoov, xgdxov, xatayhattioudtoy, 
Aanéyys, hapvypov, Kahiddos, Ievetvddidos. 
Ov wjy goa 7 as deyos Hy, GAN onda. 
"Eva 8 é&v avin Foivdtoyv decxvds todi 
, ” 2? , ia ~ 
Llpopact Epacxov, * $2 yuvat, hiav onatds. 55 
OEPATIQN. 
“Eloasov quiv ove évect’ év 0 Avyve. 
t a 
STPEWIAAHS. 

Oiuot’ ti yoo mot tov mdtyny HmatES AV : 

ue yao mor tov mdtyy HutES AdyvoY ; 
Acie’ EL®, iva xhans. 


OEPAIQN. 
‘ 7 nd , 
Ava ti dnta xavoouae , 
STPEWIAAHS. 
"Ou tav mayer évetiders Fovadriisarv. 
Mera tav9, dnas vav évyéve?? vios ovtto0di, 66 


? a ‘ ‘ ~ . > ~ 

Eyot te dn xat ty yvvaxi tayady, 

ITegi tovvewatos 3) ’vrevtev éEhowogovueFa.* 
“H usv yd tanov meocetiFer 1Q0s tovvopa, 


Nn 


. 
" 


12 NE®DEAAT. 


Hoévoinnov 7 Xdoinnov 7 Kaddnnidny, 
"Eye dé tod ndanov ’UPéuny Dedavidyr. 65 
Tias pév ovv exodus?’ * ita ta yoove 
Kown évvéBynuev xadiueda Dedinnidny. 
Tovtov tov viov hauBdvoyo’ éxogifeto, 
"Otay ov wévas av dow Ehavyys moos mdALy, 
*foneg Meyauxkéns, Evotis’ éyav. “Eya 0 éqnyv, 7 
"Otay wév ovv tas aivyas éx tov Deddéas, 
"“Noneg 0 mato cov, SipPégay évnupévos. 
” AdW ovx ExcsiFeto Tois Enois OvdEY Adyots, 
AkW inmegov mov xatéyeev Tav yonudtay. 
Noy ody dhyv tyv vixta peortifey odod, , 7% 
Miay sigov ateanov datpovias ineggua. 
“Hy jy avaneiow tovrovi, c@Pijoouat. 
‘AAW ékevyeigas meatov avtov BovAouat. 
Has dyv’ dv ndvov’ aviov éxeyeigawut ; mas 5° 
Dedinnidn, Dedinnid.ov. 
PEIAINUNIAHS. 
Ti, © métEQ ; 80 
STPEWIAAHZ 
Kvoov pe xat tyv yeioa dos tyy dekdy. 
®EIAIN MIAH. 
*[8ov. Ti gory; 
2TPEWVIAAHS. 
Einé pot, pideis Eué ; 
PEIAINMIANS. 
Ny tov [Hooda tovtovi tov txntov. 
ZTPEWIAANS. 
My poi ve tovtov pydauas tov txniov 
Oitos yd 6 Peds aitids wor tav xaxav. 85 


NE®EAATI. i3 


“AAW sineg éx THs xagdias w bytws pLdsis, 
"2 nai, nutov. 
OEIAIN MIAH. 
Ti ody ridouat dnté oot 5. 
STPEWIAAH. 
*“Exoteewoy ws taylota tovs oavtov tedmovs, 
Kai pavdav ehtav av éya nagatvica. 
PEAT MIAH. 
Ave 3, ti xedevets ; 
STPEVIAAHS. 
Kai te metoe ; 
®ELAINMIAH. 
ITzicouat, 9 
N7j tév Ayvoor. 
-ITPEWIAAHS. 
-  Asied ver dndBiene. 
“Ogds to Fguoy tovt0 xai taxidLOY ; 
; ®EIAINMIAHS. 
“Ooo. Ti ovy tov’ éctiv étedv, @ MATEQ ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Puyav copay tovr’ éoti poovtotyotoy. 
°"Evtavd évoixove’ avdoes of tov oveavov % 
Aivyortes avaneiPovaw as oti nviyEvs, 
Kéotw megi nuds odtos, yusis 0D dvFoaxes. 
Oirot diddoxovo’, deyvguoy jv tus dda, 
Aiyovta vindy xai dixatn xadina. 
®EIAIN MIAH. 
Eiciv dé tives ; 
ZTPEVIAAHY. 
Ovx oid” axoi3as tovvoua~ 100 
2 


14 Pa a2 Oy 


Meouvopeortictai xadoi te xayaPot. 
PEIAINNIAHS. 

AiBoi, movnooi 7’, oida. Tovs adafovas, 

Tovs ayoavtas, tovs avumodytous hévets * 

“Lv 6 xaxodaivav Laxedins xai Xaiwepav 
STPEWIAAHS. 

“H 7, o1ora* pndéev sings vijmor. 106 

"AMV si te xyder tov Matedav arpitay, 

Toviayv yevov mol, oyacdusvos tv tamexyy. 
PEIAIMMIAHS. 

Ovx dv wa tov Aévvoov, ei Soins yé moe 

Tovs paciavovs, ovs teéper Aswydgas. 
STPEWIAAHS. 

"IP, dvtBora 0°, @ pidtat’ dvPoanav éuot, 110 

"ELI @Ov diddoxov. 
PETAIMMIAHS. 

Kai ti cor wadyoouas ; 

STPEWIAAHS. 

Eivot nag’ avrois pacw cepa ta déya, 

Tov xgeittor’, ootis éoti, xal TOY Httova. 

Tovtotv tov étegor toiv Adyouv, tov Httova, 

Nixdy éivyovtdé pact tadixoteoa. 118 

"Hy obv wadys wot tov ddixov tovtoy Adyor, 

“A viv opsiio did of, tovtayv tay yoeav 

Ovx dy anodoiny ovd’ av oBoddy ovdevi. 
PEIAINMIAHS. 

Ovx dy nvdoiuny: od yoe av thainy idetv 

Tovs tnméias 10 yoouc diaxexvatouévos, — 120° 
STPEWIAAHYS. 

Ovx dea, uc tiv Ajuntea,tav 7 Zuav ze, 


“MEOERAXT. 15 


Ovr’ aitos ov# oO Cdytos ov? o oopupdgas 
AMY tela o” és xdpaxas éx THS Olxias. 
®EIATN MIAH. 
Aan? ov mEguopetat w 0 tsios Meyaxhéns L 
*"Avinnov. ~AAW siceu, cov & ov poovtia. 125 
STPEWIAAHS. 
"ALN ots? 2a pévtor MECwY yE XEicomaL* 
"ALN sv&dimevos toiow Feois diddEowat 
Autos Badifey eis tO poovttotigioy. 
Ids ovv yigav av xanthjopav xai Beadvs 
Abyav dxeiBar oywiakdmovs padtjoowat; 130 
*Irntiov. Ti tavr’ iyav otgayyevouat, 
"ALM ovyi xdnta thy Fieay ; Iai, nasdiov. 3 
MAOHTHS. ae 
Baan’ és xdganas tis éoP 0 xowas tyv Fveayv ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Deidavos vids Lteewrddns KixvvvdFev. 
MAOHTHS. 
“Auadys ye vn Av’, dots ovtaci opodea 135 
* Anegiuegiuvas thy Dveav Aghdxtixas 
Kai poovtis’ é&jyuBlaxas eevonuévyy. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Avyyvadi wou tHAov yoo oixa Tay ayear. 
"AV einé wot to nedyua tovénuBirapévoy. 
MAOHTHS. 
"AW ov Fimts mAHY tois waPytaiow Réysrv. 140 7 
STPEWVIAAHS. 
Aye vuv tuoi Fagpav* éya yao ovtosi 
"Hxa wadntis sis 76 peovtistriocor. 


16 NEQ@DEAAT. 


MAOHTH2. 

Aééa. Nowioat dé tavta yon uvotno.a. 
"Avyost’ &ett Xaigepavta Laxedtys ‘ 
Pulhav ondcovs d&Adotto tovs abtys mddas* 
Auxovoa vag tov Xaipepavtos ty opevy 
‘Eni tyv xepadny thy Laxodtovs apydrato. 

STPEWIAAHS. 
Has dnta todr’ éuéteneoe ; 

MAOUTHS. 
Ackiot ata. 
Knoov Ssiaryéas, eita tv widdav AaBav 
“EvéBawyer eis tov xnoov aviys ta 7008, 
Kara wrysion neguigvoay ITegotxat. 
Tavtas vnohvoas aveuétoet 10 yaoior. 
| STPEWIAAHS. 
“2 Zeb Bacided ths Lentornt0s ta pPosvar. 
| MAOHUTH2. 

Ti dnv’ Gv, Etegov si nVGoL0 Laxgatovs 
Podvuocpe ; 

ZSTPEWIAAHS. 


145 


150 


Tloioy ; cavtBoho, xdtetmé wot. 155 


MAOHTH®. 
*Avijosv’ avtov Xaioepov 6 Sp7ttwo0s 
1 ho PY 
‘ 7 ” 4 > 7 
‘Onotega tHv yvauny Exot, tas Eumidas 
Ri ‘ ‘ 49 (=D! ~ ‘ 2 2€ , 
GTO TO OTOW’ GOELY, H KATA TOUGSoNVyLOY. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Tt dnv’ éxsivos eine megi tHs éumidos ; 
MAOUTHS. 
"Epaoxev sivat tovvtegoy tys zumidos 


2tevov' dia Aeatov SD ovtos avrtov THY mvOHY 


160 


Oe OO et AF. oe 


, 7 > ‘ 2>¢ 7 

Bia Badi{ery evduv touggonuyion’ 
"Eneta xothov 190s otev@ meo0xeimevov 

Tov neaxtov nyeiv Uno Bias tov mvevpuatos. 

TPE WIAAH. 

Ladnuyé 6 mea@xtds got doa tov gunidav. 165 
*2 torouaxde.os tov dievtegevuatos. 
"H $adias pevyav dv anopvyor dixny 
a , >! wo , 

Ootis diode tovytegoy THs Eumidos. 


MAOHTHS. 
Tpany 5é ye yvauny peyddynv apyoéedn 
‘Tw aoxahaBarov. «170 
2TPEWVIAAHS. 
Tiva tedmov ; xatermé pot. 
MAOHUTHS. 


Zytovvtos avtov tys oedryys tas ddovs 
Kai tas megupogds, eit? ava xeynvotos 
* Ano THs Opopys v¥xtag yahEwtys xatéYECEV. 
2TPEWIAAHS. 
“Hotny yaheaty xatayicavt Laxgatovs. 
MAOUTH®. 
*Eytis dé 7 juiv deinvoy ovx nv éonégas. 175 
2TPEVIAAHS. ; 
Eiev- ti ovv mes tédquir’ exahaujoato ; 
MAOHTHS. 
Kata ts toeanétns xatandoas hentyny tégear, 
Kdpyas oBehioxor, sita diaBrtnv AaBav, 
°Ex ins nadaictoas Poiudtov vpeiheto. 
ZSTPEWVIAAH. 
Ti dnv éxeivoy tov Oaljv Favucfouer ; 180 
"Avo? tvoy’ av¥ous TO PeovTLoTIgLoY, 
2° 


18 NEG®EAAT. 


Kai dsitfov ws téyrotd wot tov Laxeaty. 
Madytie yie* ad avowye thy Figur. 
"82 ‘Hodxdes, tavri nodand ta Fyoia ; 
MAOHTHS. 
Ti éPavuacas-; 1@ cot doxovory eixéva ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Tois éx IIviov hynpteio, tois Aaxevixois. 
“Ata ti mov’ és tHv yyy BAéxovow ovtoti ; 
MAOUTHS. 
Zntovow OvTOL Ta XATA YNS. 
STPEWLAAHS. 
BoiBovs doa 
Znytover. My vvy tovtoyi poovtifete: 
"Evo yde oid’ iv’ siot weyddou xal xadoi. 
Ti ydo oid Sewoty ot opddg’ Eyxexu—pétes ; 
MAOHTHS. 
Odtot 5” égeBodipaow va0 tov Téetagor. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Ti dn 6 mea@xtos és tov oveavoy Biénet ; 
MAOHTHS. 
Avtos xa? attov dotgovousiv diWdoxetat. 
"AMV siov?’, iva un ?xeivos qnuiv éEnitdyy. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Mijn ye, wine y* GAN Exiwevdrtar, iva 
Avtoict xowvaoa tt meayuctioy Eudr. 
MAOHTHS. 
°AAM ovy oidv V7 avtoict meds Tdv déea 
"Eka dvateiBew nodvy a&yav éotiv yodvor. 
STPEWIAANS. 
Ig0s tav Peavy, ti yag 140° Eotiv ; einé wot. 


190 


195 


NEGDEAAT. 19 


MAOHTH2. 
* Aotgovopia pév avtni. 
STPEWIAASHS. 
Tovti dé ti; 
| MAOHTH2. 
Teaustoia. 
2TPEWIAAHS. 
Tovr’ ovy ti ott yonoumor ; 
MAOHTHS. 
ij cvopetosiobat. 
STPEVIAAHS. 
Iiétega thy xdnoovytxny 
MAOHTHS. 
Ovx, GALa THY oUunacay. 
STPEWVIAAHS. 
’ Aotsiov hévets. 
To yao odpiopa Snuotixdv xal yonowmor. 206 
MAOHTH2. 
Ain 8é cot yns megiodos méons. “Ogds ; 
Aide pév “Adjvat. 
STPEWVIAAHS. 
Ti ov dévets; ov metFouat, 
"Enel dixactds ovy boa xadnuévovs. 
MAOHTHS. 
‘Qs tovr’ adntas “Artixdv t6 yaotov. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Kai nov Kixvyyys siotvy ovpuoi dnudtat ; 210 
| MAOHTHS. 
"Evra? ive. “H dé 7’ EvBov, os oeds, 
“Hd magatétata: waxed ndgoa mdvv. 


. 


20 NE@G@EAAI. 


STPEWIAAHS. 
Oid’: dnd yeo nuav nmagetddy xai Ilegixdéovs. 
“AAW H Aaxedaivav nov or ; 
MAOHTH. 
“Onov ’oriv ; avrnt 
STPEWIAAJHS. 
"Rs évyvs nuav. Tovto ndvv goortitete, 215 
Tavtny ag’ yuav anayaysiv n0¢6o navy. 
MAOUTHS. 
“ALN ovy oidv te v7) Ai’. 
STPEWILAAHS. 
Oiuoseo? doa. 
Digz, tis ydg ovtos ovni tHs xoeuatoas avo, 
MAOHTHS. 
Avtés. : 
ZITPEWIAAHS. 
Tis avtos ; 
MAOHTHS. 
Daxodtns. 
ZTPEWIAAHS. 


& 


"2 Loxoates. 

* FP, obtos, dvaBdnoov avtoy wor wéya. 220 

MAOHTH2. 
Atos wév ovv ov xddecov ov ya jor oyody. 

STPEWIAAHS. 

‘2 Laxoates, 
*2 Laxpatisdioyv. 

ZNKPATHS. 

Tt ws xaheis, & pyweoe 5 


NEGEAAT. 21 


STPEWVLAAHS. 
Tg dtov wév 6 tt deds, dvtiBola, xdremé mot. 
SNKPATHS. 
*AspoBata xai MEgupeova TOY HALov. 225 
STPEWIAAHS. 
“Ener? and tagpov tovs teovs vaegpooveis, 
"ALN ovx and THS YNS, EimEQ — 
INKPATHS. 
Od yoo &v mote 
° E&svoov d0Pas Ta wetéoga mMedyuata, 
Ei uy xpeudoas 10 vonua, xat tiv poovtida 
Asniny natapitas eis tov Omotoy déga. 230 
Ei) dv yaual téva xdtatey éoxdmovy, 
Ovx dv 20% sdgov> ov yde add H yn Bia 
“Edxet 190s aviny tyv ixudda ts peovtisos. 
Tldoyer 3 tavt0 tovt0 xal ta xagdapa. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Ti pis; 3 235 
“H goovtis Edxee trv ixudd’ sis ta xdgdapea ; 
"Th ver, xatdBn?, 6 Laxeatidioy, as eué, 
“Iva. ws diddins dvaeg ovvex’ Eljdvia. 
ZTNRKPATHS. 
"Hides 8é xata ti ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Bovhouevos watsiv hive. 
“Yo yog toxav yonotav te Svoxohatdtav _—-240 
"Ayouat, PéQouat, to yonuat’ Eveyvedflouat. 
22K PATHS. 
Tédev 3 vndyoeas oavrov éhates yevousvos ; 


22 NE@EAAI. 


STPEWVIAAHS. 
Nooos w énétouper innixy, den payeiv. 
"Adda we Sidakov tov EtEgov toiv coiv Adyouy, 
Tov undév anodiddvta. Muotoy © évtv’ dy 24% 
Hodtty w opovpat cor xatadyoev tovs Peovs. 
: SNK PATHS. 
Tloiovs Feovs ouei ov ; me@tov yao Feot 
‘Huiv vousow ovx got. 
STPEWVIAAHS. 
T@ yog ouvert’; 7 
aWapéooty, Goneg év Bulavtia ; 
INK PATHS. 
Bovhe ta teia nodyuar’ eidévar capas 250 
“Atv’ éotiv Oe9as ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Ny Ai’, sineg got ye. 
SNKPATHS. 
Kai Evyyeviotar tais Nepéhasow és Adyous, 
Tais nuetégacor daimoow ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 


Modore ye. 
SAKPATHS. 
Kadi toivuy éni tov iegov oxiunoda. 
ZTPEWIAAHS. 
"Dov xéInuat. 255 
ZNKPATHS. 


Tovtovi toivuy haBé 
Tov ovéqavor. 
JTPEVIAAHS. 
"Ent ti otipavoy ; Oiuor, Ldxgates, 


NE@EAAT. 23 
“Loneg we tov “Adduav?? dnas un Fvoste. 
ZN KPATHS. 
Ovx> &XLG tadta mdévta Tods TEdovpEVOUS 
‘Husis movovuev. 
ZTPEWIAAHS. 
Lita by ti xegdava ; 
SNKPATHS. 
Aéyew yevyce toiupa, xedtahoy, maimddyn. 260 
"AW iy? argeut. 
ZTPEWVIAAHE. 
Me. tov Ai? ov wevoe yé us* 
Katanattduevos yoo maimdhyn yevyoouat. 


SNKPATHS. 
Evgnusiv yon tov meecBvtny xai ys evyns vna- 
xOVELY. 
"2 déonor’ avak, duétenr’ “Ano, Os Eyes thv yHY 
[ETE@QOY, 
Aaungds v? Aidye, csuvai te Feai Nepédat Boov- 
THOLXEQAVVOL, 265 
"Aodyte, pévnv’, & décnowvat, TH PeovticTH mée- 
TE@QOL. 
2TPEWIAAHS. 
Miro pyre yz, meiv dv tovil ntvsouat, uy xata- 
Boexto. 


To 5é unde xvvqy otxotev ELPsiv éué tov xaxodat- 
pov’ Exovta. 
SRKPATHS. 
"Exstete s ai, @ modvtipynto. Nepérat, tad sis 
éxidsckty- 


24 NE@GDEAAT. 

Ev én’ “Ohvunov xopugais tegais yovoBdrjrot 
ot xddnote, 270 

Ei’ *Susavov mateos év xynots iegov yogor f- 
otate Nvupais, 

Ei’ dea Neitov mpoyouis vddtav yovoéats aov- 
teats medyo.oy, 

"H Matar hipvyny exer’ 7 oxdmehov vipdevta 


Miwavtos: 
‘Ynanovoate deEdusvat Pvoiav xai tois isgoior 
“yaosioat. 
XOPOS. 
*Aévaot Nepéhan, 275 


“Aotauey pavegat dgocegay pio evdyntoy, 
Tlatecs an’ *Rxeavov Bagvayéos 

“Ywniar opéav xogupas ént 

Asvigoxdpous, iva : 280 
Tyiepaveis oxonids apopapueta, 

Kagnovs 0’ apdouévar tegdv yPova, 

Kai notopav latéiov xedadjnuata, 

Kai novtov xerddovta BapvBeouor: 

*Oupa yao aiPégos axduatoy csdaysitat 285 
Mapuagias év avyais. 

"ALM dnocstodmsvar vé—pos OuBgoy 

* Atavaras idéas éndaueta 


Tyieoxdne oupate yaiar. * 290 
TNKPATHS. 

"2 pévya osuvai Nepédat, paveoas nxovoaté uov 
xaAECAYTOS. 


*“Histov pavys gua xai Boeovins puxnoapévys 
Deocentov 5 
& 


NE@EAAT. ; 25 


ZTPEWIAANS. 
Kai cfBopai 7’, & modvtivytot, xai Bovdouae ay- 


tanonagdsiv 
ITgds tas Boovtds: oftas avtds téetgeuaiva xat 
MEPOPHUaL* 
Kei Pius éotiv vuvi 7’ Hon, nel un Fess éott, 
} yEceio. 295 
SRK PATHS. 
Ov un oxowys undé notnjons Emeg oi tovyodaiuo- 
VES OUTOL* 
“AN svpyuse’ pévya yoo uw Peay xiveitae ownvos 
aowais. 
XOPOZ 


TTagFévor ouBeopégor, 
"Edtousv hinagay ytova Haddddos, evavdigov 
yav 300 
Kéxoonos owduevat moAvieatov: 
Od ofBas agérijtayv isgay, iva 
Mustoddxos douos 
°*Ev tehetais ayia avadeinvutat, 
Oveaviots te Peois Sagnuata, 305 
Naot # wweoepeis xai dydduata, 
Kai medco0do paxdear isgatarat, 
Evotipavot te tedv Ivoiat Padias te, 
Tlavtodunais év Geass, 310 
"Hoi v’ éxegyouéva Boouia ydous, 
Evnehddav te yooav igePiouata, 
Kai Movoa BapvBeouos avidy. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Ig0s tov Aids avi802d oe, podooy, tives sia’? S 
3 LOXOATES, HUTHL 


26 NE@D@EAAT. 


Ai pteyidpevar tovto t6 cEemvoy ; pav noavat 
tivés Elo ; 315 
FNKPATHE 
“Hxtov’, ad? ovedvat Nepéhat, peyddar Feat 
avigdow agyois* 
Aineo yvounv xai diddeiiv xai vovy quiv na- 
, 
eéyovot 
Kai tegateiav xai megihetw xai xgovorv xat xa~ 
Tadynwer. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Tavr’ &e’ axovoac’ avtav 16 ptéiyw y wuyn pov 
, 
MENOTHT AL, 
Kai hentohoysiv H3n tytet xai megi xanvov ots- 
voheoyzsiv, 320 
Kai yvoauidio yrauny vga’ étiea Ady dvtho- 
yyoa: 
“lov’, st mas éotty, ideiv avtas HON Paveoas ét- 
DULG. 
SAKPATHS. 
Biéine vuv devel meds tv Hdevn?* dn yoae opa@ 
xatiovoas 
“Hovyn airds. 
STPEWLAAHS. 
Digg, mov; deitov. 
22K PATHE 
Xagovo’ avrar ndvy nohiai 
Aid taév xotlav xai tov dacéov, adtat mAdyLoL— 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Ti tO yonua; 3% 
"S25 ov xatooa. 


NEDEAATI 27 


22K PATHS. 
ITaga ty eicodov. 
ZTPEWIAAN. 
"Hon vuvi pdhis ottas. 
22K PATHS: 
Nov yé tor ndn xatogds avtds, si un Anuds xo- 
, hoxvytais. 
ITPEWIAANZ. 
Ny A’? éyay’, & nohvtipytor, névta ya ndn xa- 
’ 
téyovet. 
TNKPATHS. 
Tavtas pévtor ov Peds ovous ovx Hons ovd’ évd- 
putes ; 
2TPEWIAAHZ. 
Me Ai’, Gd)? bpizdny xai dedoov airtds yyovpnv 
xal xamvov Elva. 330 
SAK PATHS. 
Od yao ua Ai’ olo¥ otiy miAsiotovs avtat Booxov- 
7 ot copLotas, 
Ooveioudrtets, iatgotéyvas, oppayidovuyapyoxo- 


LyTaS, 
Kvxiiav te yooav gouatoxduntas, &vieas uetEo- 
eopévaxas, 
Ovdev Seavtas Bdoxovo’ apyovs, 6tt tavtas move 
coroLovaty, 
2TPEWIAAHS. 
Tair’ do’ éxoiovy “ vyeav Nepeday otpentae- 
yiay ddiov opudy,” $55 


* TThoxduovs  Exatoyxepdha Tupa, menuatvov 
oas te Suéddas,” 


28 NEDEAAT. 


Kiv’ “ aegias,” % dvegds,” “ yawwors olavous as- 
eovnysis,” 
“"OuBoous ® vidtav Synceeny Nepehav” ess 
ave’ aUIOY HOTEMLVOV 
of ee teudyn meyahay ayadav, xoéa T’ Opvi- 
Gera xiynhav.” 
22K PATHS. 
Ae Lévtot taé0d? ovyi dixaias ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Aétov 34 mot, ti matovoat, 340 
Eineg Nepédat 7’ eioiv ddntas, Pvytais ei=aot 
yuvartiv ; 
Ov yao éxeivai 7 sioi toravtae. 
ZSNKPATHS. 
Dios, moiat vag tivés sic ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Ovx oida capes: eikaow yovy épiowlw nentaué- 
VOLOL, 
Kovyi yuvaskiv, wot Ai’, od’ btuotv> avra dé 6i- 
vas Eyovoty. 
SN KPATHS. 
“Anoxowai vey atv’ dy Eoauat. 
STPEWVIAAHS. 
Ave vuy tayias 6 tt Bovdet. 345 
ZILK PATHS. 
'H8n zor’ avaBléwas sides i vepélnv Kevtavon 
buotay 
"H rapddde 7} Avne 7 tavea ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Ny Av iyoy’. Lita ti tovt0; 


NEG@EAAT. 29 


ZAK PATHS. 
Tiyvovta adv} doa Bovdovtat: xdr’ Hv pév ida- 
‘ 
/ 
Ol KOLYTYY, 
" Ayo.dv tiva tav haciav tovtay, oidvneg tov He- 


vOpartou, 
Lxantovoa thv paviav avtov Kevtaveos Hxa- 
OaYv aUTAS. 350 


STPEVIAASHS. 
Tt yd, nv denaya tav dnuociay xatidact Liva- 
va, tl de@oty ; 
ZTARKPATHS. 
*Anopaivovoa thy piaw avtov hixor eEaiqyns 
> 
évévovto. 
STPEWIAAHE. 
Tov’ doa, tavta Kisovupor abtat tov diwaomuy 
ytes Wovout, 
“Ut Secddtatov tovtov Edeav, Ehagot die tov’ 


EvEVOVTO. 
TAKPATHS. 
Kai viv 7’ du Kiewodévyn eidor, deds, dua tovt’ 
EVEVOVTO YUVAIXES. 355 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Xaipete totvey, @ déorowvat xai vov, sizeg tive 
xadho, 
Oveavourxn bn£ate xauol pavyy, & mauBactherat, 
XOPOS. 
Xaig’, db mpeoBita nadaoyevis, Inoata Adyav 
pidonovoay* 


ZU té, Aextotdtav Ajnoav isos’, podle meds Huds 
& te yonvers* 
3° 


30 NEOEAAIT. 


Ov yao ay dio y bnaxovoumev Ta VOY [UETED- 
Qocopiotav 360 
ITyv nj godine, 16 wév copias xai yvauns otve- 
x0, Ol dé, 
"Ow Boevdve 7 év taiow ddois xai tapPahua 
mae0adiEts, 
Kavunddyntos xaxd m0aAW avézer xag’ yuiv cenvo- 
moocwreis. 
STPEWVILAAHS. 
"2 In tov pPéiyuatos, as isgov xai cepvorv xai 
TEQATAIES. 
TNKPATHS. 
Avro yoo tot povat eict Feats téAda 0é mdvr’ 
Eotl paAvagos. 365 
STPEWIAAHS. 
‘O Zevs & juiv, pege, meds tys Ins, obAvumtos 
ov teds gow; 
= NK PATHS. 
Tloios Zevs; ov un Anoyons* ovd’ Jott Zevs. 
STPEWIAAHE 
Ti Aéves ov; 
"Alka tis Ue; tovti yde Euoly’ andpynvat meatoVv 


andvtov. 
PNK PATHS. 
Avtar 3y mov* peyddots dé &° éy@ onusiois avtO 
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Kaitor yonv aifoias tev avr, tavtas 3° dno- 


Onpety. 


NE@DEAATI. 31 


STPEVIAAH. 
Ny tov °Anddho, tovtd yé tor ta vuvi hoyo 
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et} eke 


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NE®EAAI. 33, 


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34 NE@EAAT. 


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NEQGDEAAT. 35 


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36 NE@G@EAAT. 


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435 


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38° NEGEAAI. 


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39. 


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505 


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bIb 


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NE@EAAT. 4] 


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42 NEQ@GEAAI. 


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NE@EAATI. 43 


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44 NE@EAAT, . 


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NE@EAAI. 45 


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46 NE@GEAAT. 


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Ny tov Tlooeda. Nov dé nas we yon xadeiv; 665 
NK PATHS. 
* Ahextovaivav, tov 8 Etegov ahéixtoga. 
STPEWLAANZ. 
-* Ahentovawvay ; sb ye vi) tov > Aéga 
“Rov avti tovtov tov diwWdyuatos udvoy 
Mialpitaca cov xvxha thv xdgdonor. 


NE@EAAT. 


NK PATH. 
Bov udd avdis tovP Ecegov* thy xdpdonov 
"Agosva xakeis, Pjdevayv odour. 
SVPEWLAAHE. 
Ta tedn@ 
Agéeva xale ’ya xd.edonor ; 
ZNK PATHS. 


Mahé ye, 
"Roneg ye xai Kiedvvpuor. 


2TVPEVIAAZHS. 


Has 84; podoov. 
22K PATHS. 
Tavroy divatai cou xdedonos Kisaviiuea. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
"ALN, @° GP, 085? HY xdgdorcos Kheaviuo, 6% 
"AW év Svein otgoyyvhy ’vEuctteto. 
*Atdg 10 hotnov nas we yon xadeiv ; 


TNK PATHS. 
“Onas ; 
Tijv xagdonny, Goneg xaheis nv Laotedryy. 
STPEWVLAAIZ. 
Tyv xagddnny Fnieav ; 
TNKPATHE 
"Oogdas yoo Aéves. 
STPEWIAANS 
‘Exsivo § jv dv, xagdénn, Khewviiun. 680 
PAKPATHS. 


"Ex 87 ze mgt Tov ovoudtay patety oe Osi, 
“Att agpev’ éoriv, dita 9 abtav cA Gigen 


48 NE@GEAAT. 


STPEWIAAHY. 
"AW oi Evyay’ & Ide Eoriv. 
SNKPATHS. 
Einé 3H. 
STPEWIAAH. 
Adora, Dihiwva, Kheitaydea, Anunteia. 
ZAKPATHS. 
*Agéeva, d& moia tay ovoudtay ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Movoia: 
Didoéevos, Mehnotas, °>Auvvias. 
SNK PATH. 
"ALN, & MOVNgé, TAVTA 7” EoT’ OVX EGbEVE. 
STPEVLAAHSE 
Ovx adder’ vuiv gory ; 
ZSRKPATHS. 
Ovdamas 7”, émet 
Hlas &v xahéicevas éevtvyav “Auvvia ; 
STPEWIAIIZ. 
"“Onas &v; adi, dedQ0 Deve’, _Auvvia. 
SNK PATHS. 
“Oods ; yuvaixa tyv “Auvviav xadsis. 
STPEWIAAHE. : 
Ovxovy Sixaias, its ov oTeAaTEvETHL | 
"Arde ti TavP’ & ndvtes Comey ravPavea ; 
2NKPATHS. 
Ovsev po. Ai’, GAAA xataxdveis Sevoi 
STPEWIAAHS. 


685 


Ti dea ; 


; SNKPATHS. 
"Expoedvtisdv tt tay Geaviov meaypdtar. 


695 


NE@EAAI. 49 


~ STPEWIAAHS. 
My S79", ineteda o’, Evdd0’* GAN sixeQ ye YON, 
Xapat uw? Eacov avid tavv’ expeovtica. 
22K PATHS. 
Ovx iott naga tavv’ ahha. 
STPEVIAAHE. 
Kaxodaivov eyo, 
Otay dixny tots xdgeot daow@ THuEQov. 


XOPO2. 
Dodvife dy xai didPoe, mdvta tedmov te oav- 
Tov 700 


ate0BEt muxvacas. * 
Tayvs 3°, Stay eis &xogov nécys, 
"En? Ghho myda 
Nonua. poeves’ tavos F anéicta yhuxvdvpos ou- 
Latav. 705 
STPEWVIAAHS. 
*Tattatai iattarai. 
| XOPO2. 
Ti ndoysis ; ti xcpvets ; 70? 
STPEWIAANZ. 
* Andddvpot dsidasos* &x tov oxiumodos 
Adxvovoi w é&éonovtes of Kogivdior, 710 
Kai tas mheveds dagddntovow 
Kai thy wuyny éxnivovor, 
Kai tovs ogyets é&édxovoty, 
Kai tov meaxtoy diogvttovay, 
Kai w anohovory, 715 
XOPOZ. 
Mj} vey Bagios ahrvet diay. 


50 NE@®EAATI. 


ZTPEWIAASHS. 
Kai nas; ote wov 
~ ‘ / 7 , 
Poovda ta yvonuata, poovdyn yoo, 
Doovdyn wuyy, poovdyn SF EuPds- 
Kai mg0s tovtos étt toior xaxois 
Poeoveds adav 
* Ohiyou poovdos yeyévnuan. 
SRK PATHS. 
4 -. ~ > \ 4 
Ovtos, ti moreis ; ovyt peortifets ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
"Eye; 
Ny tov Hoseda. 
ZNK PATHS. 
Kai ti dnv épodvtcas ; 
ZTPEWIAASHS. 
< ‘ ~ 7, »” Ul / 
Yno tav xdgeav et pov te mEegidecpPyoetat. 
2K PATHS. 
* Anokei xo.xtor’. 
STPEWIAAHS. 


725 


Add, 3 'yd?, dnddo’ dorias. 


SNK PATHS. 
Ov palPaxioté’, ada mEgixadvatéa. 
*Ekevgetéos ydg vous anootegntixos 
Kenawinw. 

STPEWIAAHS. 

Oiuot, tis dy dnw’ EniBddoe 

"EE dovaxidov yvouny anootegnteiva. ; 
PRK PATHS. 

Digs vuv, KPeyow mgatov, 6 tw ded, tovtovi. 
Oivtos, xaPevdets ; 


730 


NE@GEAAT. 51 


STPEVIAAHS. 
Me tov °Andhhoa yo pév ov. 
SNKPATHS. 
"Eyes tj 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Mé Ai? ov dyv Eva’, 
PNK PATHS. 
Ovdev ndvv ; 
STPEWIAAHS. — 
Ovdév ye many 7 10 més év TH Deka. 
SNK PATH. 
Ovx éyxahvyduevos tayéas tt poovtets ; 730 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Ilegi tov; ov ydg pot tovto pedoov, & Laxpates. 
TNKPATHS. 
Atos 6 tt Bovis meatos Zkeveav hive. 
STPEWVIAAHS. 
* Anynoas wveidxis ayo Bovdouat, 
Tlegi tav téxav, Oras dv dn0da undevi. 
PRK PATHS. 
*Tdt vuv, xahintov xai cydoas thy poorvtida 740 
AEntHy xOTO ULxQdY MEQLpPOdVEL Ta NEdyUATa, 
"Oodas Staipav xai oxonar. . 
STPEWVIAANS. 
Otuot tédas. 
22K PATHS. 
"Ey? otpiua: xdyv anoens tt tov vonudtay, 
*Apsis GteAGe+ xdta Hv yvouny madd 
Kivnoor avis, itd xal fvydPoraov. 745 


52 NE@DEAAT. 


STPEWIAAHS. 
"2 Laxpatidiov pidtatov. 
SNK PATHS. 
Ti, © yégov; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
"Eyo toxov yvauny anootegntxty. 
TNKPATHS. 
"Enidekov avryy. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Einé 84 viv pot todi-. 
Tvvaixa papyaxid? et merdipmevos Osttadrynv 
Katéhouu vixtog thy oedyvyy, eita dy 750 
Aviny xadsipiatw és hopeiov otgovyvioy, 
“one xadtonteoyv, xdta tyooiny Eyav,— 
SN KPATHS. 
Ti dja tovr’ adv apehyjostév o ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
if Ds 
Ei unuév? cevatédior cehijvy undapod, 
Ovx dv anodoiny tovs téxovs. 
2NK PATHS. 
“Ou ti dy; 755 
STPEVIAAHS. 
“Own xate unva taoyveuoy Saveifetat. 
7 22K PATHS. 
Ev y+ GW Exegov ad cor wo0Bade te Sezer: 
Ei cot yedpotto nevtetddavtds us dixn, 
"Ons dv aviny apavicsias einé pot. 
STPEWIAANS. 
“Ones ; O7os F Ovx 00 atdg Cntytéov. 760 


NE@®EAAI. 53 


SQKPATHS. 
My vuv regi cavtoy eihhe tiv yvouny asi, 
"AAW anoydha tHv poeovtis és tov dépa, 
Avddetov Goneg unhoddyvdny tov odds. 
STPEWIAAHS. 

Eten’ apdvisw tas dixns copatatny, 
“flow? avtov Gpodoyeiv a éuoi. 

22K PATHS. 

Tloiav tiva 3 765 

ZTPEWIAAHS. 
*Hdn nage toice paguaxondhais thy Lito 
Tavrtny ideaxas, tv xadyy, thy diapary, 
* Ag’ hs 10 vg AntoveL ; 


2K PATHS. 
Try vahov héyets ; 
STPEWIAAHE. 
*Eyaye. Digs, ti dnv’ ay, ei tavtny haBov, 
“Ondte yodqoito thy Sixny 6 yeaupateds 770 
yodorto tify dixny 6 yoampateds, 


” Anatiga stds BE mds TOY ijALOY 
Ta yodupar éxtyEarue tys Euns dixns ; 
22K PATH. 
Lopas ye vy tas Xagutas. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Oiw as jdouce 
"Ou nevtetdhavtos Siayévoantat mot dix. 
SQKPATHS. 
“Aye 3 tayéas tovti Evvagnacoy. 
STPEWVILAAHS. 


5* 


54 NE®@DEAAT: 


22K PATHS. 
"Ones anootpéwais dv dvidixar dixny, 
Miédiov opdijosy py ragdvtay pagrvgar. 
STPEWIAASHS. 
Davirotata xai Egor’. 
ZSLKPATHS. 
Einé 3. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Kai dy déya: 
Ei nedoev, Fu was evectoons dixns, 
ITpiv tyv éunv xahsio?, anayéaiunv teéyav. 780 
SNKPATHS. 
Ovdev Livets. 
STPEWVIAAHS. 
Ny tovs Seovs Eyay’, éxet 
Ovisis xav’ guov teFvewtos eiodker dixnv. 


SNK PATHS. 
‘YGisis* ames6’, ovx av Idakaiuny oO? Et. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
“Oun ti; Nai 2g0s tav Peav, @ Loxpates. 
22K PATHS. 


"ALM evdus EntdjPer od 7 drt’ dy xai ways? 785 
°"Exnei ti vuvi meatov edddyFns 5; eve. 

STPEWIAANS. 
Dig’ ida, ti wévtoe ME@tOY HY ; Ti MEaTOY HV; 
Tis qv év f wattousta pévtoe tédgita ; 
Otuot, tis Hv ; 

SNKPATHS. 

Ovx és xdoaxas anopteoei, 

“Enidnowotatoy xai oxaidtatov yegdvtiov; —730 


NE®@D@EAAT. 55 


STPEWIAAHZ. 
Oiuot, ti odv dH 6 xaxnodaivav meicouat ; 
* Ano yoe ohovuat un wadav yhattocteogeiv. 
"ALM, @ Nepihat, yonotov t cvpBovdevoate. 
XOPOZ. 
“Husis pév, & mgeoBvta, ovuBovdevouer, 
Ei coi ws vids éotw éExtetoaupévos, 795 
Tliunew éxsivoy avti cavrov wavddévev. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
"AAW Ear? Enowy’ vids xahds te xayates: 
"AAW ovx édéhe yoo wavddvey, ti éya naFO ; 
XOPO2S. 
Zu 3D énitpénets ; 
STPEVIAAHS. 
Evoopatet yoo xai opera, 
Kdov’ x yuvaiwnav evatigav tav Kowsdeas. 800 
*Atao wétei y? avrtov: nv dé un Fédy, 
Ovx io® Eras ovx e&eho ’x tHs oixias. 
"AAW éxavdpervov pw’ ddiyov sicsAPav yodvor. 


XOPOZ. 
*Ao’ aicddve mheiota OV nuas aya avtiy’ &- 
-. sor 805 


Movas Peav ; “Rs 

“Evowmos 05° éotiv anavta dea 

Oo’ dv xekevns. 

2U & avdgos éxnenhnyuévov nai pavegas éEnyo- 
pévov 810 

T'vovs amohdwets, 6 t mhetotov d¥vacat, 

Teyias' piurst poe mas ta toad? Etéoa Teé- 
Eat at. 


56 NEGDEAAT. 


STPEWIAAHS. 

Ovtot pa thy ‘ Oniydny Ev’ évtavdi peveis* 
"AAW EahV BGav tovs Meyaxhéovs xiovas. 815 
PEIAINMNIAHS. 

s , 7 - , +3 4 
S2 Satmovie, Ti YOHUG MAGYELS, @ MATEO ; 
Oux ed pooveis ua tov dia tov °“Odvumoy. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
*[dov 7” i8ov Ai’ "Odvuniov: tHs wapias* 
‘ , a PL 4 
To Aia vopiferv, ovta tydtxoviovi. 
PEIAINNIAHS. 
Ti d& tovt’ éyédacas étedv ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
“EvFuuovuevos 820 
"Ore ma8cguoy Ei xai pooveis doyaixd. 
*Ouas ye unv 100029", tv’ cidns mieiova, 
, t Ce x x en ee 
Kai cot podow xeayw o ov wadav avyoe écEet 
*Onas 5é tovto uy diddEys undéva. 


® EIAINMIAUS. 
°"[dov* ti tot; 
ZSTPEWIAAHS. 
*"Ruocas vuvi Aia. 825 
®EIAINUIAHS. * 
"Eyoy’. 
STPEWIAAHS. 


“Oods ovv as ayatory 16 pavPdvew; 
Obvx For, @ Dedinnidn, Zevs. 
PEIJINMIAU. 
"ALE tis ; 
2TPEVIAAHS. 
Mivos Bactrevet, tov Ai’ tedniaxds. 


NEGDEAAT. 57 


®EIAIMMIAH. 
AiBoi, ti Angeis ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
"Ich tovP odtas Eyoy, 
®EIAIMMIAH. 
Tis pyot tavta. ; 
STPEWVIAAHS. 
Laxedtns 6 Myhios 830 
Kai Xaigepar, os ode ta wuddav tyvy. 
PELAINMIAHS. 
Zu 8 sis tocovto tav paviav éhyhvdas 
“Mov avigodow meiter yoroouyr ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Evotcpet, 
Kai under sinns phaveov avigas dekvovs 
Kai vovy éyovtass ay vio ys ped@dias 835 
* Anexsigar’ ovdeis momov’ ovd’ nAEiwato 
Ovs sis Badaveiov nate Lovadusvos* ov dE 
“Rone tePveatos xatahdet wou tov Biov. 
"AN 5 théytov EAFov irEg Enod udviave. 
PEIAINMIANS. 
Ti 3” dv nag’ éxzivar xai uahor yonotor ts dv; 840 
ZT PEWVIAAHS. 
" Adntes; doaneg Eat’ év ayFoanots copa: 
Ivace 8é caviov as dads ei xai mayvs. 
AAW Exavepevov pw ohiyov évtavdi yodvor. 
PETAINMIAHS. 
Oiuot, ti Sedo magapeovovrvtos Tov MaATEdS ; 
IIdtegov magavoias avrov sisnyayay ida, 845 
*H wois coponnyois tiv waviav avtov podoa ; 


58 NEG@G@EAAT. 


ZTPEWIAAHS. 
Dig’ ida, ov tovtoy tiva vouiters ; eiwé mor. 
®ELAIMMIAHS. 
* Ahextovova. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Kahas ye. Tavtnvi dé ti; 
OEIAINMIAHS. 
* Ahextover’. 
STPEVIAAHS. 
* Aupa tavtd ; xatayéhactos et. 
My vuv 16 hoinov, adda tyvde wév xaheiv 850 
* Ahextovatvay, tovtovi 5° ahéxtoga. 
PEIAINNIAHS. 
*Ahextovawav; Tatv’ tuavtes to dette 
Lica nageh3av dot naga tovs ynyeveis ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 

Xatreod ye wedAv* GAV 6 ue padtoww’ Exdotote, 
°"ExchavPavouny dv evdvs ix0 mAntous etav. 855 
VETAINMIAHS. 

Ad tavta dy xai Poiudtioy anahecas ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 

"AAW obu anoddhex’ GALA xatamEepedvTixa. 
PEIAIU MIAH. 

Tas & iuBddas mot tétgopas,  ’vdnte ov; 
STPEWIAAHS. 

“Nance Ieguxdéns sis to Séov anoheca. 

"AW US, BEDE’, touevs eita Te MATQi 860 

Tlevddusvos éEdpagte’ xdye@ tot mote 

O18? Ekéret Gor toaviicavte miPomevos, 

“Ov neatov ofpodcy thaBov “Hitactxdr, 


NE@D@EAAT. 59 


Tovtov ’xeidunv cor Atacios dpakioa. 


DETAINMIA HS. 
"H unv ov tovtos 10 yodva mov’ ayPécet. 865 


ITPEWVIAAHS. 
Ed 7 ou éxsicdns. Asoo deve’, @ Laxoates, 
"E&P &y@ yd cot tov viov Tovtori, 
"Anovv’ évaneious. 
22K PATHS. 
Nynvto0s yd éor’ tt, 
Kai tav xeeuatear ov teiBav tav évidds. 
PEIAIN MIAH. 
Avis teiBar eins av, ei xian ye. 870 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Ovx és xdpaxas ; xatapg ov ta diWacxdlg; 
22K PATHS. 
* [Sov xpguae’, os HriPiov EepPivéato 
Kai toto yeiheow diegiunxdorv. 
Has &v wddou no® ott0s andpevéwy dixns 
"H xhyjow 7h yavvacy avanetotneiay ; 875 
Kaitot tahdvtov tovr’ iuatev “YnégBohos. 
ZTPEWIAAHS. 
* Auéhe, didacxe’ Fupdoopds éotwvy prose 
Evdus yé tot waddguoyv ov tvvvovtovi 
"Exnkattev évdov oixias vavs 0 éyhuger, 
* Auakidas te oxutivas etoyateto, 880 
Kax tav oviav Batedyous éxote nas Soxeis. 
“Onas 8 éxsiva 10 Adyo wadyostat, 
Tov xosittov’, dots éoti, xai tov Httova, 
“Os tadina Léyov avateéne tov xgsittova’ 
‘Edy 3é wy, tov yowr adixov ndoy téxvy. 885 


60 NEGDEAAT. 


TNKPATH. 
Autos padycetat mag’ avtoiv toiy Adyou. 
2TPEVIAAHS. 
"Eyo 8 anéicomat* tovto youy wéurvno’, dnas 
ITp0s xévta ta dina avidéyerv duvycetat. 
AIKAIOZ. 
Xaget Sevoei, detEov cavtov 
Toiot Featais, xaineg Foacvs av. 
| AATKO2. 
"I? Srot yortets. Toa’ yoe wadddy o? 
°Ev tois modhoiot hiyov anode. 
A4IKAIOS. 
*Anokeis od ; tis Gv; 
AAIKOZ. 
Aoyos. 
4IKAIOZ. 
"Hitav y ov. 
AAIKO2. 
"AIG o& Vina, TOY EnOd xQEitTA@ 
Ddoxove’ sivat. 
AIKAIOZ. 
Ti copoy motay ; 895 
AAIKO2. 
Tvapas xawds 2evoicxov. 
AIKAIOZ. 
Tavta yoo dvist duck tovtovei 
Tovs dvortovs. 


AAIKOS. 
Ouvx, ddAd copods. 


NEPDEAAT. 61 


AIK AIO2. 
*“Anoia o& xaxas. 
AAIKOZ. 
Einé, ti nowy ; 
AIKAIOZ. 
Ta Sixaa Aévov. 900 
AAIKOS. 
AIM avatpiva vai’ dvuréivov* 
Gude yao sivar névy pynui dixnr. 


AIK AIO. 
Ovx sivat mys; 

AAIKOS. 

Digs yao, mov *ouy; 

A4IKAIOS. 
Tapa toicr Feois. 

AAIKO2. 
Tas Syta dixns otoys 6 Zevs 
Ovx andidaiev tov natég’? abtod 905 
Anoas ; 

AIKAIOZ. 


AiBoi, tovti xai 34 

Xagei 0 xaxdv* ddte wor Aexdvyv. 

AJIKOS. 
Tupoyigay ef xdvdguooctos. 

AIK AIO. 
Katantyayr el xdvaisyvvtos, 

AAIKOS. 
"Pdda w sionzas. 

ATKAIOZ. 

Kai Bonoroyos, 910 

6 


62 NEG@GEAATI. 


AAIKO2. 
Koivect otepavois, 
41KAI02. 
Kai natgadoias. 
AAIKOS. 
Xovoe mdttwov pw’ ov yiyv@oxéls. 
AIK AIOZ. 
Ov dyta me0 tov 7’, chia nodvd. 
AAIKOZ. 
Nov dé ve xdopos tour’ éotiv euot. 
AIKAIO2. 
Ooacvs ei moAdov. 
AATKOZ. 
av Of 7 Keyaios. 
AIK AIO2. 


Aa oé SE poitay 
Ovdeis EFéEt TOY pEloaxioy 
Kai yracdyoa nov °APnvaios 
Oia diddoxets tovs ovoytovs. 
AMIKO2. 
Avyusis aicyoas. 
AIKAIOZ. 
2 dé 7’ ev MEaTTELS. 
Kaito medtegdv 7” Extayeves, 
Tyiepos elvac Mvoos pdoxar, 
> , 
Ex mnewiov 
Tvauas teayav Havdeietsiovs. 
AAMIKO2. 
¥ , e. 1 > ’ 
S2 wot copias ys guvijodys. 


915 


820 


NE@OEAAI. 63 


; AIKAIOS. 
"uot pavias tHS ons, MOAE@s F, 
"Hus o¢ toépet 
Avuatyduevoy tois ueigaxiots. 
AAIKO2. 
Ovyi diddsets tovtov Kedvos av. 
AIKAIOS. 
Eiireg 7’ avrov cadyvat yon 830 
Kai pn hadidy uwdvov doxnoat. 
AAIKOS. 
Asv’ ih, tovtov 0 Ex paiverdac. 
AIK AIO2. 
Khavost, tiv yeio’ qv éniBdddys. 
XOPO2. 
Tavoact_ udyns xat Aodogias. 
"AN éenideréar 935 
Z¥ te tovs MeotéQOUS AIT eidacxes, — 
ZV TE THY KALVYHV 
TTaisevow, Sas dv dxovoas opav 
* Avuheydvtow xpivas pottg. 


AIKAIOZ. 
Aogy tatv’ éPého. 
AAIKOZ. 
Kéyay étéha. 
aOR OS. 
Dige dn motegos Aéker mQdtEQOS ; 940 
AAIKO2. 


Tovta daca: 
Kaw’ &x tovtav dy av déikn 
“Pyaciouy XGLVOLS GUTOV 


64 NEGEAAT. 


Kai diavoiat xatatogevon. 
To tehevtaior 5°, iv avayevty, 945 
To ngdcanov dav xai taplarua 
Kevtovyevos woneg vn’ avtonvav 
‘Yo tav yvauay onoheitat. 

XOPOZ. 
Noy dsiketov to miovva tois megudekiovct 949 
Adyotst xai Poovtiot xai yvapmotvmots mEgiuvats, 
“Onotegos avtoiv hiyav ausivay parvijoeta. 
Nov yoo amas évPdde xivdvvos aveitar copias, 955 
"Hs nége tois éuois pihous Ect ayav péytotos. 
"AAW @ nokdois tovs mpEcButégous HEoL yonotois 


OTEPAVOCAS, 
€ ~ a ? , ‘ SY ~ , 
Prov poviy ytve yaigets, xat TyVv Cavtov prov 
eimé. 960 
AIKAIOZ. 


, A » > as ra e , 
Aka toivyy thy deyaiav madeiav, os dtExELto, 
"OV éya ta Dixata hivyav HvPovv xal copoocvyyn 


VEVOULOTO. 

IIpatov pév ier mados pavyy yevgavtos pydév’ 
axovEaL* 

Eta Baditey év taiow 6d0is evtdxtas sis xuta- 
eLotoU 

Tovs xaurjtas yupvovs aFedous, xEi xoluvadn xa- 
Tavipot. 965 

Ev’ av moouatsiv dow’ édidacxev, to uned pH 
Evvéyortas, 


“H * Taadadda negoénodu Sever,” 9 “ Tyréno- 


edv tt Bdapna,” 


NE@D@EAATI. 65 


iy b ‘ , a c F 
Evtswapéevovs tyv aopoviay, nv ol MatEgEsS Ta~ 


oédaxav. ~ 

Ei 3é ws aviv Bapohoyevoait’ 7) xdmpelev tive 
KOLLTMIV, 

Oias of viv tas xataé Dov tavtas tas Svoxo- 
hoxduntovs, 971 

°"EnstgiBeto tuntduevos mohhas as tas Movoas 
apavifay. 

"Ev nasdotgiBov dé xaditovtas tov pyedv zee 
mp0PahéoFat 

Tovs naidas, Snws tois toadev pundev deikevav 
annvEs* 

Ei? at nddw adds avistapévovs ovpwhoat, xat 
moovosiod at 975 

Eisadov toiow égactaicw ths HBns un xatadsi- 
7ELY. 


’Hheiwato 8 ay tovupahod ovdeis mais véveg- 
Fev tov’ dv wotE 

Tois aidoiorr Sedcos xai yvovs aoneg puydotoww 
éxyv dete 

Ove dy pahaxny pveacduevos THY Pavyny meds 

“> ‘ 

TOV EQUOTHY 

Atos Exvtdv meoayayevarv tois optahuois éBa- 


dufev, 980 
Ovd dy Ehiotat Sernvovyr’ zEnv xepakatov tHs 
dapavidos, 
Os’ dv &vNFov tav neEcButégav donde ovdE 
oéduvoy, 


Ov swopaysiv, ovdé xiyiifev, ovd toys ta 
x63 dvadadé. 
6* 


66 NE®@G@EAAT. 


AAIKOS. 

“Aoyaid ye xat Ainohimdyn xai tettiyav dvd- 
[EOTO., 

Kai Kyxeidov xai Bovpoviar. 
AIKAIOS’. 


"AA obv tavt’ gotiv éxsiva, 985 

"EE wv dvieas Mapadovoudyas 9 ’un maidevors 
éDoewer. 

ZU d€ tovs vuv evdus év iwation meodiWdaoxets 
évtetvdiyFac* 

“Rote w andyyeo# Otay, opzeiotae Tavadnvai- 
ois déov aUTOUS, 

Tyv conida tys xalns meoéyav auehyn tys Tee- 

; 

ToyEevEins. 

I]pes tavi’, @ peipdxiov, Pagpav eué tov xgsitta 
hoyorv aigov* 990 

Kanwotyoer puoriv dyogdv xat Badavetov ané- 
yeotat 

Kai tois aisypois aisyvvectar, xav oxanty tis 
o&, phivecFat: 

Kai tav Pdxav tois meecBvtégos vaaviotacFat 
QOGLOVOLY, 

Kai wn megi tovs cavtov yovéas oxacoveyeir, 
a&Aho te undev 

Aicyooy novsiv, Gtt tys Aidovs péddas téyahw 


avanhatrey 995 
Mn® sis doynoteisos siodttety, iva un me0s tavte 
KEYNVOS, 


Miia Bdnteis ine nogvidiov, tHs Evxdeias azo- 
Doavodys: 


NE@®EAAI. 67 


My? avtemneiv ta. natei undév, und? “Iunetov 
xOECAaVTO 
Miyoixaxnoaur thv hixiav, 2 ys éveottotgogy- 


ys. 


AAIKO®. 
Ei tavv’, & pweigdxov, neice tovt@, vn Tov A6- 
vUGOV 1000 
Tois “Innoxgdtovs viéow siéeis, xat oe xahovot 
BiAitoucupar. 
AIKAIOZ. 
AW ody dinagds ye xai evavdys év yupvactoss 
diateiwets, 


Ov otapdiiov xate thy dyopay totBorextoame’, 
idee of yur, 
Oud Ednduevos megi meaypatiov yhuoyeavthoye- 


Eenitgintov’ 

"AW sis *Axadjusiav xatiav tnd tais pogiats 
anotoééer 1005 

, , ~ \ 7, 

Atepavacauevos xarduo Aevx@ peta owpeovos 
HALKLOTOV, 

Midanos ofav xai dngaypoovyys xat Aevxns pui- 
LoBodovons, 

"Hoos év dow yaigav, dmdtav mAdtavos mtEhian 
widveiln. 

“Hy tavta noms aya podta, 

‘ ‘ , , ‘ ~ 
Kat mg0s tovtois me0céyys tov vovy, 191¢ 


“E€sts asi otntos Ainagor, 
Xeoidy Aevuyy, Ouovs usyddovs, 
Thattav Body, nvyny weyddyy, 
LTocdyy pixody. 


68 NE@GKEuaAT. 


“Hy © dmeg of viv énitndevys, 1015 
TIpata wév ees yooudy wayody, 
"uous pixeovs, orntos Aextov, 
Didtrav weyddny, mvynv pxeay, 
Kadi wsyadyny, wipioua waxeor, 
Kai & avaneios 
To wév aioyoov dnav xahov nyeioPat, 1020 
To xarov 8 aisyeov: 
Kai mos tovtois Hs “Avtipdyov 
Katanvyoovyys avanhyjoe. 
XOPOZ. 
*2 xaddinueyov copiay xAEvotatny Etaox@v, 1024 
“Ls ndv cov toict Adyots CapeOY ExeotLy Gv Fos. 
Evdainovis 8 joav ao’ ot Cavtes tov’ ext 
Tav meotégav. LIgos obv tad’, & xouwongenn 
povoay éyav, 1030 
Asi o& hévew TU xavov, as Eevdoxiunxev KVNHO. 
Aswav dé oot BovAsvpdtav Zoixe Seiv 1Q0s advtoY, 
Eineg tov avdg’ vaseBahet xai wn yédov’ ophi- 


Gls. 1035 
AAIKO2. 

Kai wnv ndhoe 7 éenviyounv ta onhdyyva, xane- 
Bvuovy 


"Anavta tavv’ évavtiats yyauaot ovvtaedéat. 
"Eye ydg Fitav pév Adyos Sv avto tovr’ ExAnIny 
"Ev toict poovtiotaiowy, Ott Me@tLOTOS ExEVONoE. 
‘ ~ / ‘ ~ , > 793 > , 
Kat tois vowots xat tais dixats tavavti’ avtdé- 
Eat. 1040 
Kai toito nheiv 7} uveiav ior’ &kov otatyiear, 
Aigovpevor tovs ijttovas Adyous Eneita vindy. 


NE@EAAT. 69 


Xxiwat 5é iv naidevow H néxordev ws éléySo,— 
"Oous ce Feoue pyot hovatat mea@tov ovx édoew. 
Kaito tiva yvauny iyav wives ta Pegud dov- 


TOG. ; 1045 
AIKAIOZ. 

“Ory xdixcotdy gore xai decoy movet tov avdga. 
AAIKOS. 


*Exioyes* evdvs yo as uécov Eyo LaBav a&puxtor. 
Kai por pedoor, tav tov Ais naiday tiv’ dvd’ 
aptotor 
Puynv vouivers, siaé, xa aidslaveve: MOvOUS 7OVH- 
Out ; 
A4IKAIOS. 
"Evo pév ovdiv’ “Hoaxdéovs Bedtiov’ dvdea xoi- 
VO. 1050 
AAIKOZ. 
Tot wuyoed dnta nonov’ sides “Hodxdsva, Aovtgd ; 
Kaitot tis avdgerdtegos Hv; 
AIKAIOS. 
Tavr’ éoti, tavr’ éxsiva, 
"A tav veavioxav asi OV nuigas Larovytav 
IThnees to Badaveiov morsi, xevds dé tas madhai- 


OTQus. 
AAJIK OZ. 
Ei’ év ayood tv diateiByv wives eye 0 éxau- 
vO. 1055 


Ei yde xovngor tyv,"Ouneos ovdénor’ av éxoiet - 

Tov Néotog’ ayogntny av ovdé tovs cogovs a- 
HAVTAS. 

Aven dnv ivted dev eis tyv yhattay, Hv Odi mer 


70 NE®@DEAAT,. 


! ~ > ~ . ‘ 
Ov pyot yonvas tovs véous doxeiv, éya df pyut. 
Kai cagpegoveiv ad gyno yoertivas: dvo xaxd meé- 
yioto. 1060 
‘Lisi ov did 16 capeoveiv 16 mamov’ Eides dN 
2 , / , , 9: FF, 
Ayatoy tt yevouevov, poedoov, xat w ekéheytov 


élnmov. 
AIK AIO2Z. 

IIohiois. “O your Lnhevs EhaBe did tovto ty 
[LAY OLOAY. 
AAIK OZ. 

Méyoipav; doreidv ye xégdos EhaBev 6 xaxodai- 
Lov. 

“YrégBodos & obx tav hiyvav mheiv H tdéhavta 
moAha 1065 

Ethynpe did movygiav, add ov po Ai’ ov wdyot- 
oar. 
AIKAIOZ. 

Kai tyv Git y tynue dia t0 owpogoveiv 6 ITy- 
hevs. 
AAIKOS. 

Koa’ anohinovad 7’ avtdy ayEv’* ov yao av BBoL- 
OTIS 

Ovd Hdvs év tois otpauaow THY vixta Mavvuyi- 
feu’ 

LTvvy, 5€ owapapovyévn yaige ov 8 ei xodvin- 
70S. 1070 

ZxEWal ya, G wElgdxtoy, év TO cwpooveiv dnav- 
TO 


"A ’veotiv, HSovav F doav wéhies AnootEgeioF at, 
Haidar, yuvanar, xotrdéBav, war, mdtav, xaya 
ouav. 


NE@EAAI. . 71 


Kaitor ti oot {nv adkov, tovtov édv oteon dys; 

Eiev. Ildgew’ évtevdev és tds tys pioews avay- 
HOS. 1075 

*Huaotes, nodcdys, guoiyevads tt, xdv’ edijpdys’ 

*Andhoias* a&dvvatos yao ei hive. “Epoi 9 
Outhar, 

Xa ty pros, oxigta, yéda, voute undev aicyedr. 

Moyes yao nv tvyys ddovs, 140” avtegeis 90s 


aUTOY, 
"2s ovdev nodixnxas: eit’ eis tov Ai’ énavevey- 
xELY, 1080 


Kaxsivos ds Httav igwatds got xal yuvacxov 
Kaitos ov Ivyntos av Feov nas peifov av dvvaco ; 
| AIK AIOZ. 
Ti » iv daparidadn muPduevds coe tépeg TE TLA- 
IN 5 
"Eke tiva yvouny diye, t6 wn evodagaxtos éi- 
VOL; 
; AAIKOZ. 
"Hy & svgvnpaxtos 7, ti meicetat xaxdv; —1085 
AIKAIO2. 
Ti pév ovv ay Ext weifoy mafor tovtov noté ; 
AAIKOZ. 
Ti dy? égeis, Hv todto vinnIys Enod ; 
AIK AIO“. 
atynoouat. Tid a&hho; 
AAIKO2. 
Digs dy wor podoov 
Svvnyooovoly éx Tivwy ; 


72 NEGEAAL. 


AIKAIOZ. 
°E§ evovreaxtav. 
AAIKOS. 
TTeiFouct. 1090 
Ti dai; toayodove éx tivav; 
AIKAIOZ. 
"EE svovmeaxtav. 
AAIKO2. 
EG déysts. 
Anunyooover 8 & tivo ; 
AIK AIOS. 
"EE evovmeaxtar. 
AAIKO®S. 
*Aoa dy’ 
*Eyvonas os ovdev hivets ; 1096 
Kai tav Featav ondtegor 
Ihetous oxdmet. 


AIKAIO“. 
Kai 8) oxona. © 
AJIKOS. 
Ti 388 bods ; 
AIKAIOZ 


TTodv misiovas, vy} tovs Feovs, 
Tovs evevmeaxtovs* tovtovi 
Toby oi8 éya xaxevovi 1100 
Kai tov xountyy tovtovi. 
AAIKO2. 
Ti dyv’ égeis ; 
AIK AIO®. 
“Hrtjued, & xivovpuevot, 


- 


NE@®EAAT. 73 


Lees tav Deav déEaoFé wov 

Ooiudtioy, as 

*Egavtonola 90s vas. 
SNK PATHS. 

Ti dnta; mdétEega tovtoy andyeoPat haBav 1105 

Bovhet tov vidv, n dddoxa oor héyerv ; 
STPEVIAAHS. 

Aidaone xui xohate, xat méuvyno’ ones 

EB wot otouacets avroy, éxi pev PATE 

Otay dixdiows, tyv 8 Etégay avtov yvatov 

Ztduacoy otav és ta weil medyuata 1110 
SNK PATHS. 

° Auédet, xouet tovtoyv cogiotny dekov. 
OLIAINMIAHS. 

*Ryodv Ev ovV, oiuai ye, xal xaxo0daiuova. 

XOPO2. 
Xogeité vvv. Olwae dé cor tavta metapedjoety. 
Tovs xgitds & xEgdavovo, HY tt tovde TOY yo- 


gov 1115 
"Rpehad’ éx tav dixaiov, BovAduec? nusis pod- 
Cal. 
- a , an Lod 7 rd a x 
Tlpata pwev ya, yy veqy Bovdno? év wow tovs 
ayoous, 


“Yoouey neatotoy viv, toto & aAdots Fotegor. 
Elta tov xagndv te xai tas duméhovs puddtouer, 
"Rote wy avyuov miele uy’ ayav éxouBoi- 
ra wiv ay u 

av. 1120 
“Hy © dttpdon tis nuds Ivytos dv ovoas Peds, 
Tlposyita tov voiv, me0s wuav ota mEicetal xa- 

9 9 TQOS HU 
“Os 
7 


74 NEGDEAAT. 


AopBdvav ovr’ oivoy ovt’ ad’ ovdev Ex TOV yo 


oiov. 

‘Hyix’ dv yao at v éldae Bhaotdvad at tv’ du- 
mehot, 

> / , , / 

Anoxexowovtat* tToLavtais opevdovats maLyG0- 
[ev 1125 


“Hy 0€ xhivdevorv’ Wauev, Voousv xa tov téyous 
Tov xégapov avtov yahdlais otgoyvyviais ovv- 
Toiwouer. 

Kev youn mov’ avids ) tav Evyyevav q tav i- 

Aoy, 
"Yoouev tyv vixta ndoav’ wot’ iows BovaAyoetae 
Kév iv Aiyinia tuyeiv av uwchhov 7 xpivar xa- 
x0S. 1130 
STPEWIAAHS. 

Tliuntn, tetgds, teitn, were. tavtyny devtéga, 
Ei, Hv iva padiota nacav nusoav 

Adoxa xai mépoixa nai Pehvttopat, 

Evdvs usta tavtny Eov’ Evy te nal ve. 

ITs yde ts Ouvvo’, ois opeiAwy tvyyava, 1135 
Osis wor mevtavei’ anodciv wé yor xakodiy, 
"Eyov wétev atta xai dixav aitovpévov’ 

“72 damovie, TO wév te vuvi un AGBys, 

To & avaBahovd wot, to 8’ ages,” ov paciv mote 
Ostas anokjweod, KALG AoWogovat UE 1140 
“Rs adixds eiut, xa dixdosotat pact por. 

Nov obv dinatéictav: ohivyov yde wot wéhet, 
Eiineo weuddnuerv cd déivew Dedinnidys. 

Toya % sicowae xdwas 10 peovtiotyotoy. 

Tai, nui, nai nai. 


NE®E AAT. = 


ZPRKPATHS. 
Atoeewiadny gomdlouat. 1145 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Kéiyayé 0+ dhid tovtovi meatov AaBé. 
Xon yoo ExiPavudlew te tov diddoxador. 
Kai wot tov vidv, et weudPnue tov Adyov 
"Exsivoy, sip’, dv d&ptias sisnyayes. 
ZNK PATHS. 
Medd nxev. 
ZTPEWIAAHS. 
Ei 7’, 6 napBacire’ °Anatddy. 1150 
2NK PATHS. 
“Lov anogvyols av ivi’ adv Bovdy dixnv. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Kei udoetvees nagnoar, ov’ sdaverlouny ; 
2NK PATHS. 
Todi@ ye wahdov, xdv magact yidot. 
STPEWVIAAHS. 
Bodoouai tiea tav inégrovoy 
Body. °Ia, xAdev’  ’Bohootarat, 1155 
Avtoi te xai tagyaia xai téxot téxov* 
Ovdev yao av ut praveov Egydoao# Ft° 
Oios Euol teépetat 
ToioS’ évi dduact mais, 
*Augpyxe yhottyn Adurav, 1160 
ITpdé8ohos éuds, carne démors, éyFoots BAGBN, 
Avoavias natedav weydhov xaxav* 
“Ov xddsoov toéyav évdoterv as éeué. 
"2 téxvov, © mai, Zed? oixer, 1165 
“Aiz cov matgds. 


76 NEDEAAT, 


SQRKPATHS. 
“OS éxsivos avyo. 
STPEWIAAH. 
"2 pihos, @ pidos. 
2 NKPATHS. 
"Anh rAaBav tov vidv. 
STPEWILAAHS. 
>? pipet eg \ , 
Ie i téxvor. 
*Iov tov. 1170 
‘2s pdouai cov meata thy yoordy idav. 
Tn , 9 30.” x ~ > x 
Nov pév 7 idsiv ei mea@tov éEagvntixos 
Korthoyixos, xai tovto tovmyae.ov 
*“Ateyvas énavdsei to “ti hévers o¥ 3” nai Soxsiv 
*Adixotvr’ adixeioPar xai xaxoveyovrt’, oid’ 6- 
TL. 1175 
“Eni tov mgocdnov Vv éotiv’ Attixov Biénos. 
~ $ a , 9 2 \ Lely 
Noy ovy ones oaoets w’, énei xan@heoas. 
®EIAINNIAHS. 
DoBei dé dy ti ; , 
ZTPEWIAAHS. 
Tnv Evny Té xal véave 
®EIAINMIAHS. 
” , > ‘ la € A 
Evy vdeo gott xal via tis HMEOG ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Eis jv ve Fyoev to mevtaveicd pact pot. 1180 
MEIATNMIAHS. 
°Anohovo’ de av# of Pévtes* ov ydo 269 Snas 
Mi’ juéoa vivo.’ adv juégot dvo. 
ZTPEWVIAASH. 
> ” , 
Ovx dy yévotto; 


NE@EAAT. 77 


. 


®EIAINNIAHS. 
Has yég; si py még 7’ dua 
Airy yivow’ ay yeaus Te xai via yuvy. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Kai un vevoucotai 7’. 
®EIAINNIAH. 
Ov yao, oiuat, TOY youoy 1185 
os Cae a ae, e 
» > ~ @ ~ 
LIoac ogtas o te vosi. 
ZTPEWIAAHS. 
| Nosi dé ti; 
®EIAINUIAHS. 
“O Aéhav 6 nahavos Hv pdddnuos tHyv prot. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
4 BI Io’ ‘ » ‘ fe 
Tovti mev ovdev ma mos EvyY TE XAL VEY. 
®EIAINMIAHS. 
*Exsivos ov thy xdjoty sis Ov’ nuéoas 
E y vi dv’ 
“Ednyxev, &is ye tHv Evyv TE xal via, 1190 
Ors —¢ ar , ~ , 
Ly ai Feces piyvowto ty vovpnvia. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
“Iva dn ti rny Evyv meocédyxev ; 
PEIAIM MIAH. 
“Iv’, & were, 
‘4 c vA € , ~ 
Tlagovtes of pevyortes uséoa pia 
IIpdtegov anadhettow? Exovtes, i SE 17, 
"Eotev vxaviovto ty vouunvia. 1195 
; STPEWIAAHS. 
Tas ov déyovtat dnta ty vovynrvia 
"Apyai ta movtavei’, ard Evy té xai VEG} 
PEIAINMIAHS. 
o c , ‘ ~ 2 ~ 
Oxeg ot mp0tévPat yoo doxovoi wor natstv. 
q* 


78 NE@GEAATI, 


sy as , ‘ ~> re 
v’ @S TAYLOTH Ta MoVTaVEt’ VPEho.iato, 
A ~ - wer € ia “~ 
Ae, ToOVTO MEOVTEVFEVOaY NUECH ULE. 1200 
STPEWLAAHS. 
Ei 7’, & xaxodaipoves, ti xaIno®. oBéAtegor, 
‘ Huétega xégdn tav copar, ovtes Aitor, 
* Aoududs, medBat’ GALas, aupogns vevnouévor; 
“Sov eis Euavtov xual tov viov tovtovi 
"En svtvyiatow gotéov movyxamoyv. 1205 
Méxae @ Lteewiades, 
Advtis V Epus ws copes, 
Xoioy tov viov teépets, 
Dijcovor 3H w ot pidot 
Xoi dnudtat 1210 
Zniovvres nvix’ dv ov vinds héyav tas dixas. 
"AAW siodyav o& Bovouat meatov Ecttacat. 
IAZIAS. 
59 2 ~ « ~ Q Py 2 
Ev’ avdea tav avrtov tt yon meoiévan ; 
Ovdénoté 7’, GAAa xosittov HY EvIVS tOtE 1215 
> ed “ vn ~ f 
Aneputoracat uadhov y oyeiv modyuata, 
"Ote tav Euavtov 7’ Evexa vuvi yonudtav 
"Elna os xdyntevoorvta, xal yevyoouct 
"ExSoos tt 1e0s tovtorow avdei Snudty. 
Arde ovdénoré ve THY Mateida xatalsyyva 1220 
Zav, Ghid xarovuar Lteewiadny 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Tis ovtosi ; 
HAZIAZ 
2 b) ” ‘ la 
Es thy évyy te xa via 
STPEWVIAANS. 
, 
Maprtvgouat, 


NE®GDEAAT. 79 


‘Ou és dv’ einev Huégas. Tov yoenuatos ; 
IAZIAX. 
Tov dadexa uvav, as ELaBes @vovpEvos 
Tov waoov inmor. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
“Inmov ; ovx axOvEté ; — 1.2% 
“Ov ndvres busis tote proovr)” tanexyv. 
NAZIAS. 
Kai vy Ai? dnodécew 7 Exauves tovs Feovs. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Me tev Ai’- 0d yd xo tev’ 2nniotato 
Deidinridns wor tov axatdBryntov Adyov. 
NAZIAS. 
Noy dé did tovr’ FEaovos eivat Siavosi ; 1230 
STPEWLIAAHS. 
Ti ydoe GAM ay anoravoaiut tov wad} Uatos ; 
ASIA. 
Kai tadvv’ éPedyoeis dnopdoat wor tovs Peovs ; 
ZTPEWIAAHS. 
Tloiovs Seovs ; 
NAZTAZ. 
Tov dia, tov “Eguny, tov Hooda. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Ny ia, 
Kéy npooxatateiny 7’, aor’ oudcat, tordBodov. 1238 
| AIA. 
*Andiowo toivur Evex’ dvasdsias ett. 
2TPEWIAAHS. 
“Adoiv Siacpny Deis bvasr’ av ovtost. 


80 NE@GEAAT. 


NAZIAZ. 
Ow as xatayedas. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
“E& yous yaoraetat. 
IAZIAS. 
Ov tot wa tov Aia tov pévyav xai tovs Feovs 
*Euov xatangotéee. 
STPEWVIAANZ. 
Oavpacias Hodnv Feois, 1240 
Kai Zevs yédowos ouvipevos trois eiddotv. 
WAZIAZ. 
"H uny ov tovtav té yodvea dacets dixny. 
"ALM si? Gn0ddoELS MOL TA YORUGAT ETE [17], 
“AndmEempor anoxgeivauevos. 
STPEWVIAAHS. 

a ree : “Exe vuv Houzos. 
Eya yoo aviix’ anoxpwvovuat cor cagas. 1245 
MAZIAZ. 

Ti cot doxet Sodoety ; 
MAPTT2. 
*Anodacev pot doxei. 
2TPEWIAAHS. : 
Tlot ’o# obtos anata we tagyveuov ; Aéye, 
Tovté ti éoti ; 
MAZIAZ. 
Tov & tu zoti; xagdomos. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
"Ensw’ dratets tagyve.oy torovtos av ; 
Oux dv anodoiny ov’ dv oBohor ovdevi, 1250 
"Oows xahécere xaQdonov thy xagddnyr. 


NE@EAAT. 81 


IAZIAZ. 
Ouvx d&g’ anodacets ; 
STPEVIAAHS. 
Ody, Soov yé w’ eidévas. 
Ovxovy avicas tt Fattoyv anoditagyeis 
*_dAno tHs Fveas ; 
NAZIAZ. 
" Aneut, xai tovv’ io, Ott 
Oxjoo movtavet’ H unxéte Canv eyo. 1256 
ZTPEWIAAHS. 
TlpocanoBakeis dg’ avtd meds tais dadexa. 
Kaitot o€ tovt6 7’ ovyi Boviouae watsiv, 
“Oxy ’xdhecas evndinas tiv xagdonor. 
AMINIAZ. 
*Ié pot mor. 
STPEVIAAHS. 
"Ea. 
Tis obtoct mov’ io% 6 Fonvav; ov ti tov —:1280 
Tav Kaoxivov us datusvav epPéyeato ; 
AMTNIAZ. 
Ti 3 Gotts eiui, tovto Bovdeo? sidévae ; 
*Avnoe xaxodainar. 


STPEWIAAHS. 
Kata ceavtdv vuv toémov 
AMINIA2. 
"2 oxdnoé Saiuor, & tiyat Poavodyvivyes 
"Innav éuav: & Takhds, ds w anoheoas. 1265 


ZT PEWIAAH. 
Ti dai ce Thynddeuds mor’ sigpyactat xaxdv ; 


82 NEQDEAAT. 


AMTNIAZ. 

My oxanté pw, & tav, GALE mot TA YoHMaTA 
Tov viov anodovvar xéhevoov & AaPev, 

Ww , \ ee /, 
AA)ws TE MEVTOL HAL KAXWS TET OUYOTL. 


STPEWIAASHZ 
To noia tavta yorua? ; 


AMIPNIAZ. 


A "Saveicato. 1270 
ITPEWIAAHS. 
Kaunas ag’ ovtas eizes, os 7’ Ewot doxeis. 
AMINIAZ. 
“Innovs éthavdvav ékinecov vy tovs Fe0vse 
STPEWVIAAHS. 
Ti dyta Anosis Goneg an’ Ovov xataneowr ; Plat 
= ee 
7 AMYPNIAZ. / 
Anoa, te yonpat’ dnodaBeiv et Bovropas ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Ovx i069’ Sas ov 7’ avtos vytaives. 
AMTINIAZ. 


Ti Sai; 12% 
STPEVIAAHS. 


Tov éyxipahoy woneg cecsiotai pot doxeis. 


AMTNIAZ. 
20 8é vn tov “Eouny meooxexdnoOai wor doxeis, 
Ei uanoddvets tagyveior. 
STPEWIAAIS. 
Keatewné voy, 
TTétega vouifers xawvov dei tov Aia 
"Yev Bdag Exdotor’, H tov Hdtov 


1280 
"Edusw xdtatey tav10 tov? tdag add ; 


NE@EAATI. | 83 


AMTNIAZ. 
Ovx oi8? Eyay’ dmétegov, ovdE wot pede. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
ITas ovv anohaBsiv tagyveuov dixatos él, 
Ei undev oioPa tav ustedoav meaypator ; 
AMT NIAS. 
"ALM si onavifers, tégyveiov mot Tov TOxOY 1286 
* Anddos yé. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Tovto & oP 6 toxos ti Fyoior ; 
AMINIAZ. . 
Ti S ahho 7 7 xata ujnva xai xa? juéoav 
Thiov miéov tapyvguoy ae yiyvetat, 
“Ynog$éovtos tov yodvov ; 
ZTPEWIAANS. 
Kalas hives. 
Ti dyta ; thy Féhattav EP Ste nheiova 1290 
Nuvi vouifers 7 190 tov; 
AMINIAZ. 
Me. Ai’, dd tony. 
Ov yao Sixatoyv mhéior’ eivat. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Keira nas 
Av pév, & xaxddatmov, ovdev yiyvetat 
"Enigpesvtav tav motamav mieiov, ov dé 
Zyteis moijoar tagyvelov mAsiov to adv ; 1295 
Ovx anodimger caviov amo HS oixias ; 
Dige wor to xévtgor. 
AMTNIAZ. 
Tavr’ éya wagtvgomas. 


84 NE®OEAAT. 


STPEWVIAAHZ. 
"Yaaye, ti wéhdets ; ovx elds, & campoga. ; 
AMYNIAZ. 
Tavt’ ovy tBois dv’ éotty ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
“Aikes 3 émtare 
~ ¢ ‘ a , ‘ , 
Kevtav tn0 tov meaxtov o& Tov cEigapdgorv. 
Devyes ; Euehdov o doa xuvyoev Eva 
Avtois teozois tois coio. xat Evyagiory. 
XOPO2. 
Oiov t0 neayudtav Egdv phaveav> 6 ydg 
r ay ? \ 
Légav 00° éEaodtets 
‘Anootegnoat Bovhetat 
To yoruad & *Saveicato’ 
Kovx oF onas ov tyuegov 
Ajwetai te meayp’, 0 Tov- 
TOV MOLYCEL TOV COpLoTHY * * 
iz ~ >! 9 > , ~ 
* ov nmavovoeyeiy nega’, cEaipyys AaBeiv 
| “OV TL 
Oiuat yoo avtoy avtiy’ evenoey dE 
TTchat mov’ efyret, 
Eiivat tov vioy devvov of 
, > , , 
Ivamas évarvtias reve 
Toiow dixaious, waote vt- 
xnav amavtas olomep ay 
ae 4 n , , 9 
Buyyivyntat, xav rivyyn maundvno’. 
"Ioas 0 tows BovaAjoetar xameavov avror elvat. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
"Th A 3 , 
ov tov. 
* 2 2 ‘ ~ 8 , 
yettoves xat Svyyeveis xat Snudtat, 


1305 


1310 


1315 


1320 


NE@EAAT. 85 


AuvvdFerté wot TURTOMEVen maon TEZVY- 
Otuot ‘mamodatpey ™7s xepahns xAL THS ‘Aewnss 
"2 wlagé, tUmtELs TOY MATEQA | 
PEIAIN NIH. 
Dy’, @ mdtEQ. 13% 
2TPEWIAAHS. 
“Ood? duohoyovr# ore we tUUTEL. 
®EIAINMIAUS. 
Kai daa. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
v ‘ \ ~ ‘ , 
DR maps xai mateadoia xai toryaovye. 
PETAIMN MIAH. 
Adfs we tavta tava xai mhei@ Léye. 
"Ao? oto bt yaiga nodW’ axovav xal xaxd 3 
STPEWIAAHS. 
"2 Aaxxdneaxte. 
®ETAIMMIAHS. 
Hldétte wohdois tots 6ddots. 1330 
STPEWIAAHS. 
‘ ’ , 
Tov matéga TUnTEls ; 
PELJINMIAHS. 
Kanogpava ye vn dia 
“Qs év dixn o Etvmtov. 
ZTPEWVIAAHS. 
3 , 
2 wagatate, 
Kai nas yévow’ dv natiga tintey év dingy; 
®EIAIN MIAH. 
"Evyay dnodetta, xai ce vinyoo déiyav. 
STPEWIAAHZ. 
‘ 4 , a 
Tovti ov vixyjass ; 
> 


86 NE@EAAT. 


®ETAIMMIAS. 
ITodv ye nai 6adios. 1335 
“Edov 8 ondtegoy toiv Adyow Bovhet Aévev. 
ZSTPEWIAAHS. 
Hoiow ddyorvr ; 
®EIAIMNMIANZ. 
Tov xggittov’, ) tov HItova. 
STPEWIAANS. 
"EdwWakduny wévtoe oe vn Ai’, @ wéhe, 
Toto dixaiots avidhévery, ei THUTA YE 
Midiets avarnsicsv, as dixatov xat xadov 1340 
Tov mation tunteo# éotiv Un0 tov vigor. 
®ETATN MIAN. 
"AAW otomat pévtot o avansiosiy, Gore yé 
-Ovs’ avtos dxgoacdmevos ovdév avtegeis. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Kai unv 6 te xai eters dxovoat Bovdoua. 
XOPO. 
Lov Epyvov, © MeEoBUtTA, Poortifery Onn 1345 
Tov avdea xoatioets, 
“Ls obtos, et uy to "aexoiderv, ovx dv qv 
Odtas axdhaotos. 
"AAW 6% Sta Foacvvetat* Indov yé toe 
To Anuwa t0 tavdgos. 1350 
"ALN 2 Stov te meatov Hoe~aP 4 pdyn yevéoFat 
"Hon déyeww yon meds yoodv: adytws dé tovto 
dedoets. 
STPEWIAIHS. 
Kai pny oder ye neatov nokdusoda Lowogsiotat 
"Eye pedo: edn yao sictioued”’, Goneg Lote, 


NE@EAAT. 87 


Tpatov wév avrov tyv higav haBdvt’ Eva ’xé- 
hevoa 1355 
*Atoat Stuavidov uéhos, tov Koudy, ds éxéy On. 
“O & evtias dgyaior eiv’ Epacxe to xcFagiverv 
“Ads te nivovd’, aoregel xayous yuvaix’ adov- 
oar. 
PETAINMTANS. 
Ov yoo tor’ evdvs yony o doa tUntEcPai TE xal 
nateioP at, 
*Adsw nehevov®, aoregel téttiyas EotiavTa. 3 1360 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Tovatta pévtor xai tov’ Eheyev Evdov, oidmEg vv, 
Kai tov Ltwavidny Epacx’ eivar xaxov motyy. 
Kayo wddis wév, GA Suas Fvecydunv to neato: 
*Ensta 8 éxéhevo’? avrov ahha uvedivny AaBovta 
Tov Aicyviov hikae ti wor xd ovtos evdus 
Eliev, 1365 
“ “Eyo yog Aicyviov vouiteo meatov év mountais, 
Popov mhéiov, afvotatov, otoupaxa, xenuvo- 
70Lov.” 
Kevtavta mas oteoté pov tiv xagdiay opeyPeiv; 
“Ouas d& tov Fupov daxav Eqnv, LV dD Gadd 


TOUTOY 
Aiétoy tt tay veatigayv, &tv éoti Ta copa Tav- 
TO. 1370 


‘O & evdvs ho’ Eveinidov éjoiv tw’, ws éxiver 

*Adehpos, @ "Askixaxe, THY Ouounteiay adel@nv. 

Kayo ovxér’ eEnvecyounv, GW evdvs sEagatto 

Tlohiois xaxois xaicypotor xaw’ évtevdev, olov 
ixos, 


88 NEGEAAT. 


"Enos 70s ios noeddouecd’+ ei9? obtos éxava- 


71706, 13% 
Kone ipha we xcondde xdnviye xanétorBev. 
PEIAIMNNIAHS. 


Ovxovy Sixaios, dots ovx Eveinidny éxacveis, 
Lopatatov ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Lopatatoy y éxsivoyv, @ tio sina; 
AAW athis ad tuntyooma. 
®EIAINMIAH. 
Ny tov Ai’, év dixn 7 av. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Kai mas dixaias ; Gots & ’vaicyuyté 0° zétoe- 
Wey 1380 
AisFavdpuevds cov ndvta teaviitortos, 6 tt vooins. 
Ei pév ye Bovy sixots, éy@ yvovs av musiv éxécyor* 
Maupav & dy aityoavtos hxdv cot pégay av ao- 
Tov * 
Kaxxav & dv ovx épdns podoat, xaya haBav 
Fveate 
“E&ipepov adv xai moovoyouny os* ov & ue viv 
anayyov 1385 
Boavra xai xexoayvdP? Ste 
Xetyntiayy, ovx Etdns. 
"Eko Eeveyxsiv, & wiaoé, 
Ovoaté w, ahid mviydpuevos 
Avtov ’noinoa xaxxayv. 1390 
XOPO. 
Oiuai ve tav vewtigay tas xagdias 
Indayv, 0 te Léger. 


NE@GEAAT. 89 


Ei yoe to.adita y odtos éEegyacpévos 

Aahav avansicst, 

To digua tav yegattégav AdBoimer ay 1395 

“AW obs EgeBivFov. 

Lov Zovov, @ xawvav émav xLVNTA nal WOyAsUTH, 

Tato tiva {ynrteiv, inas doéys héyery dinate. 

PEIAIMNMIAHS. 

“Rs nd xatvois nedypacw xai dekois outdsiv, 

Kai tav xatectatav viuov vaeogooveivy dvva- 
otat. 1400 

"Eyo yao Ste pév inninn tov vovv udvov mo00- 
Eiyov, 

Ove’ ev v Tot? eineiv éjuat? oids v 4 mgiv éapag- 
teiv: 

Novi & ied pw? obtoci tovtay Exavoev avrds, 

Tvepats dé Aentais xai Adyous Evveyut xa pegt- 


Lvals, 
Oiuat diddewv os Sixawov tov nmatiga xodd- 
Cel. 1405 
ZTPEWIAAHZ. 


*Taseus toivuy vy Ai’, ws enotye xpetetoy tly 
“Innav toépev tétoinnov H tTuntousvoy énttel- 
Bava. 
PEIAINMIAHS. 
°"Exsice 8 OFev onécytods we tov Adyou métEtmt, 
Kai moar’ égyoopai oe tovti+ maida pw? ovv’ &- 
TUNTES ; 
STPEWVIAAHS. 
"“Evyayé 0, svvoay te xai xndouevos. 
g* 


90° NEGE AAT. 


PEIAINMIAHS. 
Eizé 8% wot, 1410 
Ov xdué cot Sixaidy gory Eevvosiv dmoias, 
Tvatew 0, énedymeg ye tovw got’ evvosiv, tO 
TUNTELY ; 
Has yop to pév cov oaua yon nhnyav adteoov 
Elva, 
Tovuov dé un; nal unv Epuv éEhevdeoos ye xayo. 
Kiaovot nwaides, matéga SD ov xhdew doxeis 3 1415 
Dyoss vouiteoFai ye waides tovto toveyoy éivat; 
> Rr enh cst 2 , Ce ew \ ~ ret 2 
Eye 3&7 avtsinoww av ws dis maides ot yegovtes* 
Eixos dé wa&ddov tovs yégovtas 7 véous tu xAdey, 
"O > , 4 At > , 
carep tLapagtdvey yttov dixarov avrovs. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
"AN ovdamod vouifetat tov matéga tovto ma- 


OyEly. 1420 
® ELAIMNMIAHS. 
” > ‘ 4 ‘ / \ i y ‘ - 
Ovxovy &vno 6 tov vouov Fels ToVTOY Hv TO 1Ea- 
TOY, 
“Roneg ov xayad, xai hivyov Exes tovs madat- 
ous ; 


*Hrtov vi dnt’ Feorr xomoi xavdv av to hoimov 
_ Osivat vduov tois vigow, tovs matégas avttv- 


HTELV ; 

"Ooas Sé naAnyds si'vousy moiv tov vouov tEedy- 
Ye ee Y 

: Vl, 1425 


"Apisuev, xai Sidouev avtois meoixa ovyxexdpFat. 

Zxiwat d€ tovs ahextovdvas xai téAda td Bord 
tavti, 

c a l4 > , 7 7 , 

Ms Tovs MATEQUS HmdvETaL* xaLTOL TL dLApEQovOLY 


NE@EAAT. 91 


“Huay éxeivot, ndyjv dtr wnpicpar’ ov yedpovow; 
STPEVIAAHS. 
Ti dnt’, éuedyn tovs dhextevdvas dnavta pl- 
ei, 1430 
Ovx éoPieis xai wv xdmgov xani Evrov xatedv- 
Oéts 5 
®EIAIMMIAHS. 
Ov tavrdv, @ tay, gory, ovd dv Laxgdtet doxoty. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
H[pos tavta uy tint i O€ uy, cavtoy mo0T’ ai- 
TLOGEL. 
®EIAIN MIAH. 
Kai nas-; 
STPEVIAAHS. 
"Eel o& wév dinars siw éva sentir 
ZV 8, Hv yévytai cot, tov vidv. 
®EIAINNIAHS. 
“Hy 8é un EVITA, 1435 
id i Emol xEexdavostat, ov 0 éyyavav tedvyses. 
STPEWIAAH. 
*"Epoi pév, avdges Ares, dost Aéyery Sixases 
Kémoiye ovyyageiv doxei tovtoice ta.mEetxy * 
Khdew yodg nuas sixds gor’, nv un dixara dodper. 
PEIAINMIAHS. 
Axiwat SE yotégay Ete yvauny. 
ZTPEWVI1AAHS. 
"Ano yoo ohovmat. 1440 
PEIAINNIAHS. 
Kai unv iows 7 ovx aytion natav & viv mé- 
movitas. 


92 NEGEAAT. 


STPEWIASHZ. 
Tas 54; didakov ydg ti w x tovtav énapedy- 
; Gels. 
PEIAINMIAHS. 
Thy untio’ aomeg xai o& tuntI\0. 
STPEWILAAHS. 
| Ti pus; ti pys ov; 
Tov#? Etegov ad psilov xaxov. 
DEIAINNIAHS. 
Ti 0, fv Eyav tov Htt@ 1445 
Adyov o& vixjow héivoy 
Trv untég’? Os TUMTELY YOEOY ; 
STPEWVIAAHS. 
Ti 8 dhho 7’ 5 Hv tavti norps, 
Ovdév ce xadvoe ceav- 
tov éuBadsiv és t0 Bdgadoov 1450 
Meta Xwxedtovs 
Kai tov doyov tov 710. 
Tavti dv dbuas, & Nepédat, ninov} éya, 
‘Ypiv dvadteis anavta tape medypata. 
XOPO2. 
Autos pév odv cavte ov tovtay aitios, 
SAteéwas GEavtov és Movnod medyUata. 1455 
_ STPEWIAAHS. 
Tt dnta tavr’ ov por tér’ HyogEvetE, 
“ALV avdg’ aypoixoy xai yégovt’ éxyosts ; 
XOPO. 
“Husis movovpev tavh Excioto bvtw’ dy 
Ivapev novngav ov’ Egaotyy meayudtar, 
“Eas dy avtdv éuBddouev eis xaxdy, 1460 


NE®EAAT. 93 


"“Oxas dv sidn tovs Peovs Sedorxévat. 
2TPEWIAASHS. 
"Luo, movnod 7’, @ Nepéhat, dixara dé. 
Ov yao w éxonv to yojuad? & davecodunv 
‘Anootegeiv. Noy ody énas, 6 pidtate, 
Tov Xaipepavta tov uiagoy xai Loxediy 1465 
*‘Anohsis pete Pav, ot oé xaw éinndtor. 
®EIAINMIAHS. 
"AAW ovx cv adixyoatut tovs didaoxddovs. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Nai vai, xatawécdntu mateaov dia. 
®EIAINMIAHS. 
*[3ov ve dia matedov* as apyaios ei. 
Zevs yao ts Eotey ; 
XSTPEWIAAHS. 
*Eouy. 
®EIAIN MIAH: 
Ovx gov’ ox: eet 1470 
Aivos Bacthevet, tov Ai’ éEednhaxas. 
ZTPEWIAAHS. 
Oux é&ehihax’, dd)’ Eva tovr’ @duny, 
Ac. tovtovi tov Aivoy. Oiwor deidasos, 
“Ote xai of yutgeovy Ovta Feov Hynodunv. 
®EIAINNIAHS. 
‘“Evtavta cavta nagapoedver xai plnvdgo, 14% 
ZTPEWIAAHZ. 
‘Otuot magavoias* as éuawdouny Koa, 
“Ov 2&éBaddoyv tovs Feovs did Daxoatn. 
"ALM, & pil? “Eouy, undauds Ivuavé uot, 
Mnsé pw enitgivys, GAG ovyyvayunyv Exe 


94 NE@DEAAT. 
> Lose , > 7 
Eov nagavoncavtos adohecyia. 1480 
, wef 9 > ‘ 5 
Kai wou yevov EvuBovios, ett’ avtovs yoapny 
Awaxdkda yeawduevos, et? 6 tt cor doxei. 
‘Oogtas nagatveis ovx éav Sixodpageir, 
o 9 et av 9 > ig ‘ + 
AAV as tayLov Euniumeadvar THY Olxiav 
Tav adodeoyav. Aevoo deve’, @ FavFia,  — 1485 
Kiiuaxna rAaBav EeAte xal ouivi’yny péoar, 
Kane’ sravaBas éxi 10 peovtotyotov 
To tévyos xatdoxant’, et pidreis tov deondtyy, 
ca n ? ~ > / ‘\ ee: 
Eas ov avtois éuBadys tHy olxiav: 
°E ot Os 8a0’ > “4 € 4 
wot O€ O60 Eveyxdt@ Tis HUmEVYY, 
Kayo tw’ avtav tyuegov dovvar dixnv 
"Epol morjow, xei opddg’ eio’ ahatoves. 
MAOHTHS A. 


1490 


*Iov tov. 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Zor Egyov, @ dds, tévar moAAny pidya. 
MAOHTH A. 
*Avtoane, ti motets ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
"Ou noo; ti © GAdo 7 7H 1495 
Mtakentohoyovuat tais Soxois tHs oixias. 
MAOHTHS B. 
Oipot, tis uav nuenodei tHv oixiay ; 
STPEWIAAHS. 
*"Exsivos otneg Doiudtiov eidnpate. 
MAOHTH®S I. 
“Anoheis amodsis. 
STPEVIAAHS. 
Tour’ avto yap xai Boviouat, 


NEDEAAT. 95 


“Hy 4 ouivin jor un 1908@ tas éAnidas, 1500 
“H ’y@ mpdtegdy nas éxtoaynhita mecav 
NK PATHS. 
Odrtos, ti motsis étEdV, OVML TOV TévOUS ; 
STPEVIAAHZ. 
* AspoBata, xai mEgipoova tov HALOY. 
SNKPATHS. 
Oiuot todas, Sethavos anonviyjoopa. 
XAIPE@GON. 
Eye 8 xanodaivav ye xataxavdyooua 
STPEWIAAHS. 
Ti yao patdrtes tovs Feovs vBoitete, 
Kai ths Lediyys éoxoneiode tyv doar ; 
Aioxe, Barre, maiz, nohA@Y otvExa, 
Madora 8 sidas tovs Feovs ds Hdixovy. 
XOPOZ. 
“Hysic® tia: xsydgevtar yop petpias td ye 
pegov nuiv. 


1505 


’ 
Ty- 
1510 











NOTES. 


1 THE scene opens in a sleeping apartment of the city 
mansion of Strepsiades, a rustic land-owner, who had been 
induced to marry into an aristocratic Athenian family. 
The wife is a niece of Megacles, the son of Megacles; that 
is, a lady belonging to the higher circles of Athenian so- 
ciety. The promising son of this ill-starred union has, it 
seems, run into all the fashionable follies and expensive 
habits of the young equestrians with whom his mother’s 
rank has brought him into connection. His foolish old 
father begins to find himself in embarrassed circumstances ; 
and he is here represented as roused from his bed at early 
dawn by the anxiety caused by his pecuniary difficulties. 
The son is sound asleep on his couch, and slaves are snoring 
around him. The statue of the equestrian Poseidon (line 83) 
stands near. The young man talks occasionally in his 
sleep, and his dreaming thoughts are evidently running 
upon the pursuits and amusements of the day. 

2, 3. 10 yojua .... anégavtov. A common pleonasm. 
Herodotus has ovdg péya yojuc, a great thing of a boar, a 
huge boar. Translate here, These nights (or, These hours 
of the night ; vvxteg has sometimes this meaning), how end 
less they are! 

(99) 


100 NOTES. 


4. Kai pov, And certainly, or, And yet, forsooth. Sea 
Kiihner, Gr. Gr., § 8316. — y’.. The emphasizing particle. — 
ného....ixovo. The aorist of the verb, with the adverb 
referring to the past, describes a single act completed at the 
time indicated by the adverb. The present tense, similarly 
constructed, indicates that the action, though’ commenced in 
the past, is still continued. 

5. 0vx.... Tov, very common for tovtov, but they would 
not have done it before this. The particle & qualifies éztoiovp 
or some such verb to be supplied. 

6, 7. *Anodow .... oixétag. The Peloponnesian war had 
already raged eight years. The farmers of Attica had been 
zompelled to exchange the country for the city, and to bring 
in their slaves with them. The dangers of their situation, 
in the midst of a slave population that outnumbered the free- 
born Athenian citizens in the ratio of nearly four to one, 
were increased by the opportunities of escape in the time of 
the war, and the masters had to relax the usual severities of 
their treatment. As it was, the slaves absconded in great 
numbers, and caused the Athenians not a little harm. 
Strepsiades is therefore naturally represented as cursing the 
war because he cannot safely flog his slaves. See Thucyd. 
VII. 27.— d77. For the force of this particle, see Kiihner, 
Gr. Gr., § 315, A. 

8. 6 yonoros ovroci, ironically, this excellent youth, this 
fine fellow here. 

11. 6&yxooper, let us snore. The old man throws himself 
an the bed and tries to get a nap, but without success. 

12. Saxvopevoc, bitten. He compares his son’s extrava- 
gance, and the expense of the stable, and his debts, to fleas, 
whicl: bite him so that he cannot get a wink of sleep. The 
word dcéxvo is also used metaphorically to vex. 

14. ‘O.... &wv, And he with his long hair. The cus- 
tom of wearing the hair long was prevalent among young 
men of equestrian rank at Athens, especially the fops who 


NOTES. — 101 


spent their time with horses. See Aristoph., Equites, 537 : 
Mi pOovei?? spiv xoudou. Upon which a Scholiast remarks : 
“zo yao xouav imi tov tovpay déyerat, xai yaveovoba, xat 
péye gooveiv.” See Mitchell’s note upon the passage (1. 562, 
in his edition). 

15. ‘Innateron.... Evvwgixéderou. The former refers to 
riding, the latter to driving, especially a span, cvregic. 

16. ’Oveiponolei 0 innove, and he dreams horses. 

17. ‘Ogayv.... eixaédag, seeing the moon bringing on the 
twenties. The sixadeg were the last ten days of the month. 
The Attic month was divided into three portions of ten 
days each, called decades, dexacdec. Money was lent ata 
daily or a monthly rate of interest, usually the latter. 
Sometimes the interest was paid annually. (See Boeckh, 
Public Econ. of the Athenians, Lamb’s Tr., pp. 172-175.) 
The ordinary rate on loans was one per cent. a month. In. 
cases of great risk, as commercial voyages, it sometimes 
went up as high as thirty-six per cent. per annum. Strep- 
siades sees the last part of the month approaching, when 
the interest on his debts must be provided for. In his 
anxiety, he orders his servant to light the lamp and bring 
him his memorandum-book (1. 19, yeaupateior), out of which 
he reads the various items of his debts. 

18. réxo01, interest moneys. The etymology of the word, 
and the analogy by which it is applied to the produce of 
money lent, are obvious. Aristotle, Pol. I. 10, says: “o d8 
TOxog avro (i. €. money) moet Zor, OOev xual Tovvone torr 
ethyger.” Shylock (Merchant of Venice, Act I. Sc. 3) says 
of his gold, “I make it breed as fast,” 

22. Tov.... Tlacig ; Why twelve mine to Pasias? For 
the construction of tov, see Soph. Gr. Gr., § 194, 1. 

23. “Or... . xonnariav, When I bought the koppa horse. 
It was the custom to mark or brand horses of pure breed 
on the haunch, generally with the character koppa or 
san. The former was the xommatiag, the latter cappogag. 


102 NOTES. 


“ Among the domestic animals, horses in Attica bore 
relatively a high price, not only on account of their use- 
fulness, and of the difficulty of keeping them, but also on 
account of the inclination for show and expense which 
prevailed. While the knight kept for war and for pa- 
rade in the processional march at the celebration of the 
festivals, and the ambitious man of rank for the races, cele- 
brated with so much splendor, high-blooded and powerful 
steeds, there arose, particularly among the younger men, 
that extravagant passion for horses, of which Aristophanes, 
in his comedy of the Clouds, exhibits an example, and 
many other authors give an account. So that many impov- 
erished themselves by raising horses, while others became 
rich in the same occupation. ‘Technical principles were 
also early formed respecting the treatment of horses, which 
before the time of Xenophon were published by Simon, a 
famous horseman. A common horse, such as, for example, 
was used by the cultivator of the soil, cost three minas (75 
thir. or $51.30). ‘You have not dissipated your property 
by raising horses, says the person represented as the 
speaker in a speech of Iseeus, ‘for you never possessed a 
horse worth more than three minas.’ A splendid riding 
horse, on the contrary, or one used for the chariot race, was 
purchased, according to Aristophanes, for twelve minas; 
and, since that amount was lent upon the pledge of a horse 
of that kind, this may have been a very common price. A 
fanciful taste, however, enhanced the price beyond all 
bounds; thus, for example, thirteen talents were given for 
Bucephalus.” — Boeckh’s Public Economy of the Athenians, 
pp- 102, 103. 

The following table exhibits the values of the Attic coins 
and sums of account, deduced from carefully weighing a 
series of Athenian coins in my possession, and comparing 
them with coins in other collections. As the drachma is 
the unit to which the rest of the series bear a definite pro- 


NOTES. 103 


portion, we may construct the table as follows, beginning 
with the smallest copper coin: — 


1 Lepton = $0.0004 or +4; of a mill. 
7 Lepta=1 Chaleus = 0.0034 or 3,4 mills. 
8 Chalcoi=1 Obolos = 0.0277 or 2 cts. 77% mills. 
6 Oboloi= 1 Drachma= 0.1666 or 16 cts. 634; mills. 
100 Drachmai=1Mna = 16.666 or 16 dollars 16 cents 
6,8, mills. 
60 Mnai= 1 Talanton (Talent) = $1,000, or one thousand 
dollars.” 


For a further account of the xommating and cauqdgas, see 
Becker’s Charicles, p. 63, n. 5, English translation. For 
an account of the ancient race-horses and their names and 
marks, see Krause, Gymnastik und Agonistik der Hellenen, 
Vol. I. pp. 594-599. - 

24. Ei@’ t&exonayv. Kuster, Duker, Welcker, Beck, Her- 
mann, and others, have éSexdmy, referring to the koppa 
horse for the subject. The MSS. all have éexomyp. 
Some have discerned a play upon the similarity of sound 
between xommatiag and é&exday. Jt was when I bought the 
koppa horse; ah! Iwish he had had his eye koppaed out 
first. “Ita,” says Hermann, “et sententia optissima est, et 
lepor manet dicacitatis. Id unum optat Strepsiades, ne ne- 
cessarium fuisset istum equum emere. Atqui si oculus ei 
antea excussus fuisset, noluisset eum emi Phidippides. Fa- 
cete igitur, optat Strepsiades, equum ipsum, qui xdupa habe- 
bat, quo in hippotropheis genus equorum designatur, que 
res haud parvum habet in emendis equis momentum, aliud 
ante accepisse xdupo, quo emptores deterruisset.” 

25. Diow .... dp0u0r. The young man, dreaming of 
the race-ground, and imagining that his rival is crowding 
upon his track, murmurs, Philon, you are not fair, drive on 
your own course. 

28. Ilocoug. . . . wolemoripue (sc. aouata) ; How many 


104 NOTES. 


courses will the war-chariots run? Hermann, however, ob- 
serves, —“ Ambiguum est, zodemoryoi sintne eguete an 
cwuddjwora intelligenda, sitque hoc nomen accusativo casu 
an nominativo dictum. Illud quidem non dubitandum vide- 
tur, quin aurigatio potius vel equitatio, quam currus eo nom- 
ine designetur. Quod nominativo si est positum, querere 
putandus est Phidippides ante cursus initium, quot gyros 
facturi sint. Verisimilius est tamen accusativum esse sodepu- 
OT70L0.” 

30. *Arao.... Ilaciav; The old man after this interrup- 
tion returns to his accounts. The words ti yoéog 8a pe are 
quoted from a lost play of Euripides, for the purpose of bur- 
lesque. The poet seizes every opportunity of ridiculing the 
tragic style of that great poet. In Euripides (Here. Fu- 
rens, 494) we find ti xawdv 7108 xoéos ; what new event has 
come? Aristophanes plays with the double meaning of 
yotos. In this passage, What debt has come upon me? 

31. Toiig .... *Auvrig. Another item in the account. 
Three mine for a little chariot and a pair of wheels to 
Amynias. For construction, see Soph. Gr. Gr., § 194, 1. 

82. “Anaye .... oixade. The young man is still talking 
in his sleep. Take the horse home, when you have given 
him a roll in the sand. The Greeks had places for rolling, 
called aAwd7j0oae or éadiorgo, sprinkled with sand, where 
a roll was allowed the horses after the race. 

33. *4)2’.... or. The old man takes up the word 
and exclaims, You have rolled me, you rogue, out of ny 
property. 

34, 35. dixag .... gaow. In the legal phraseology of 
Athens, dixyy ogieiy meant to be cast ina suit, to lose a 
case ; éveyvodcacba, to take security, constructed with the 
genitive of the thing for which security is taken. 

35. ’Eredv. ~ The son now wakes, disturbed by his father’s 
steps and exclamations. 


NOTES. 105 


86. Ti. ...ddyv; Why are you worrying and fussing 
about all night long ? 

87. dana... . orgopcror, A demarch from the bed- 
clothes bites me. The demarchs were officers elected by the 
Demes or boroughs of Attica, who had various duties im- 
posed upon them, such as taking care of the property be- 
longing to the temples, executing the confiscations within 
the boroughs, collecting debts due to the boroughs, and 
keeping registers of the lands. Strepsiades jokingly calls a 
flea or bed-bug a demarch from the bed-clothes, pursuing 
him, as it were, and enforcing payment by biting, and drink- 
ing his blood. For an exact description of the duties of the 
demarchs, see Schéman, Assemblies of the Athenians, p. 
853, seqq. 

42. Ei? ....xaxwg. This line is a burlesque upon the 
first line of the Medea of Euripides, si’ qed’ ’Agyove py 
dvamréobas oxéqos. Frequent allusions are made to the 
match-makers of Athens; besides many others, by Keno- 
- phon, Mem. II. 6, 36, where Socrates repeats an observa- 
tion of Aspasia, that match-makers are useful to bring people 
together in marriage, when they make a good report truly ; 
but are of no benefit, when they praise falsely; for those 
who have been thus deceived hate each other and the match- 
maker. See also Becker’s Charicles, p. 351, and the au- 
thorities there cited. Plato, Theztet. 149, describes them 
as being all-knowing upon the subject of marriages, and 
upon the adaptation of the various temperaments to each 
other. 

In the following lines, old Strepsiades gives a humorous 
description of his condition before he was encouraged, in an 
evil hour, to aspire to the hand of a lady belonging to | 
the high and mighty house of Magacles; he sketches the 
character of his wife, and points out the comical contrast 
between her and himself. He was leading a mighty pleas- 
ant life, dirty, unswept, and careless, with plenty of bees, 


106 NOTES. 


and sheep, and olives; when, in a fit of ambition, and by 
the agency of the match-maker, he married a great city 
lady, whose family had been so reduced by the policy of 
Pericles as to make even such a marriage desirable to the 
falling house. 

46. Meyaxiéovg. The repetition of the name, Megacles, 
the son of Megacles, is a burlesque upon the pompous way 
in which the great families of Athens betrayed their sense 
of their own importance. The family here alluded to was 
one of the proudest and most aristocratical in Athens. The 
first Megacles was said to be the son of Coesyra, a woman 
of distinguished rank and wealth, from Eretria. She was 
noted among her towns-people for her pride and luxury, 
and the Eretrians coined a word from her name, Kovovg0- 
ouct, to play the Owsyra, that is, to be haughty and wanton, 
to be Casyrafied. Pericles and Alcibiades belonged to the 
great Megacleid family. 

With regard to the use of the name Megacles, Hermann 
says, with good judgment, — “ Quoniam nobili nomine opus 
erat, usitatum in splendidissima gente Alemzonidarum no- 
men Megaclis, idque ipso significatu homini nobili congru- 
um, usurpavit poeta. Eum hominem si vocavit Megaclem 
Megaclis filium, fecit id eo ipso consilio, ut non certus qui-" 
dam ex Alemezonidis, sed aliquis, quicumque, summo loco 
natus intelligeretur.” 

48. éyxexoiovompéryr, from xorovgdopucs (see above), Ca- 
syrafied. 

52. Kwticdog, Ceverv2iid0g. Two names of Aphrodite, 
one from the name of a promontory near Phalerum, on 
which the Persian ships were driven, after the battle of 
Salamis, and where was a temple in honor of this goddess, 
some remains of which still mark the spot; the other an 
epithet significant of her office, like that of the Venus Geni- 
trix at Rome. 

58-55. Ov .... onabgs. The occupation of weaving 


NOTES. a? 


or embroidery was one considered not unworthy of women 
belonging to the highest rank in Greece, from Homer's 
Penelope down. But the word oma@éw, which describes the 
occupation, is also used metaphorically by the best Greek 
writers in the sense of to scatter prodigally, to waste. This 
double meaning gives Strepsiades an opportunity to pun 
upon the word. The English language does not afford the 
means of exactly rendering it. Something like it may be 
found in several colloquialisms ; i. e. 


I will not call her lazy; no, she spun; 

And I would hold this ragged cloak before her, 
By way of hint, and say, O wife, you spin 
Too much— street yarn! 


57. tov.... ddyvor, the drinking lamp, the lamp that 
drinks or consumes a great deal of oil. 

58. Aevg’.... xheys, Come here and be flogged ; literally, 
Come hither that you may weep. This use of the word 
«aio, Attic xiao, in the sense of to be beaten, is an idiom 
very often occurring, and scarcely needs illustration. d7jra. 
For the general force of the particle, see Kiihner, Gr. Gr., 
§ 315, 3. Here it is emphatic, and expresses, as it were, a 
remonstrance on the part of the speaker. For a particular 
analysis of its force in interrogative forms, see Hartung, 
Vol. L., pp. 306-308, 3. 

59. “Ow.... Ogvaddidmr, Because you put in one of the 
thick wicks. For the construction of the genitive, see Matt. 
Gr. Gr., § 323, b. English translation; Soph. Gr. Gr., 
§ 191. 

61. ’Epol....tdéyabf. Observe the comic force of the 
particle, and the ironical application of the epithet to the 
Wwife,— To me, that is to say, and this good wife of mine. 
For the particle 37, see Kiihner, Gr. Gr., § 315. 

62. 57. The particle here signifies forsooth. 

63. “H.... tovvoue. To understand this, it must be re« 
membered that the termination wizog in a name was an indi- 


108 | NOTES. 


cation of equestrian rank, like de before a French name, or 
von before a German ;— She was for putting hippos to his 
name, Xanthippos, Charippos, or Callippides. Observe the 
force of the imperfect tense. 

65. "Eyo .... Dewdoovidnr, But I wanted to call him after 
his grandfather, Phidonides. The name ®eido» is formed 
from qeidopuat, to spare. Observe again the force of the im- 
perfect tense. It was the general custom among the Athe- 
nians to name the first son after his grandfather, though that 
was not uniformly the case. Here Strepsiades wished to fol- 
low the good old Athenian fashion. The naming of a son 
was the father’s business; but the mother of the promising 
young gentleman assumes, on account of her superior birth, 
it may be supposed, to give him a name in a with 
her own notions of gentility. 

66, 67. Téng.... Dadianidyr, For a time we kept up 
the dispute ; but at last we came to a compromise, and called 
him Phidippides. They made up a name, half patrician 
and half plebeian, retaining the old grandfather’s frugal ap- 
pellation, and attaching to it an aristocratical termination. 
All the parts of the name thus compounded are significant, 
and the whole implies a person disposed to economize in 
horse-flesh, — just the opposite of the real character of him 
who bore it. In this contrast we may suppose the audi- 
ence found a part of the wit of the present scene. An ex- 
ample of similar humor occurs in one of the Princess 
Amelia’s German plays (Der Oheim, The Uncle), where 
Dr. Léwe’s nephew, the young baron, has ennobled the 
family name Lowe (Lion), by adding to it the chivalrous 
ending Berg, mountain, thus forming the high-sounding 
name Léwenberg. © 

69. “Oray.... 20), When you are grown up, and drive 
your chariot to the city, that is, to the Acropolis, in the pub- 
lic processions. 

70. Evorid’ tyov, with a xystis, that is, a long state-robe, 


NOTES. 109 


worn only on festal occasions. According to Biéttiger, it 
was an embroidered purple coat. See Becker’s Charicles, 
p- 322, English translation. 

71. Weddéwoo. Phelleus was the name of a hard and 
rocky region between Athens and Marathon, used chiefly 
for pasturage. See Lockhart’s Athens and Attica, p. 12. 
Plato, Critias, III. C., speaks of ra DedAgog media. 

73. Adi’ ....2ébyo. Some refer the verb émeifero to 
the boy. But the construction and sense are better, if we 
consider it in connection with the wife ;— But she used to 
pay no heed at all to my words. 

74. 74d’... .. yonuator, But she poured a horse passion 
over my ER that is, she squandered my money by 
cultivating in him a love of horses. The old man consoles 
himself by the reflection, that he has found a capital way of 
mending his affairs, if he can but persuade the young man 
to adopt it. Of this he entertains some doubts, and accord- 
ingly proceeds with no little anxiety to wake him in the 
gentlest manner, calling to him with various endearments, 
and by tender diminutive names. 

76. Scmovies, here equivalent to deucedly. The word is 
used sometimes in a good, sometimes in a bad sense. 

80. edwnidir. The diminutive of fondness used by 
old Strepsiades can best be given thus, — Phidippidy ! 

83. Ny .... inmor, Yes, by this equestrian Poseidon, 
pointing to a statue of the god standing near his bed. 

84. My poi ye... . inmuy (sc. einys), Don’t mention this 
equestrian to me. < 

88. “Exotgewor .... te6n0vg. The verb means literally, 
to turn inside out, like old clothes; that is, Make an entire 
change in your manners as quickly as possible. 

92. “Opgs .... t@xidvor ; Do you see that little door, and 
the small house? “The humble dwelling of Socrates is 
made to contrast as strongly as possible with the more mag- 
nificent mansion of Strepsiades. It is entered by a flight of 

10 


110 NOTES. 


steps downward, in order to convey to the spectators the 
idea of an underground cell or cave. Before it, instead of 
the Apollo Agyieus, we shall perhaps feel justified in plac- 
ing a little top-fashioned image of earthen ware, meant to 
represent the new cosmological god of the Socratic School, 
Dinus.” Mitchell. ivos, Vortex. 

Voss remarks, — “Socrates had a small house, which, 
‘together with the furniture, he valued at five mine. The 
koppa horse (1. 23) had cost twelve minz. In a similar 
small house the Socrates of the comedy keeps school; the 
real Socrates was not at home through the day, but was 
strolling about among the gymnasia, and wherever else he 
met with the greatest number of persons.” 

93. éredv. A word here expressing impatience, what in 
the world? 

94. Wvyov .... goortioryjowr. The philosophers and 
sophists had introduced a set of cant words and affected ex- 
pressions, which exposed them justly to the poet’s satire. 
The verb geoveilw, to ponder deeply, was one of these, and 
seems to have been used with infinite repetition, as we may 
judge by the works of Plato and Xenophon, to express the 
state of profound philosophical meditation. Mitchell quotes 
a passage from Plato’s Symposium, relating an amusing 
anecdote of the abstraction of Socrates in his campaign at 
the siege of Potidea, which took place about two years 
before the representation of the Clouds. The philosopher 
fell into a reverie, one morning, which lasted longer than 
was quite consistent with military discipline. “ And it was 
now mid-day, and the men perceived it, and, wondering, 
said to each other that Socrates had been standing from 
early morning, meditating something (ggortiforv mm). And 
at last some of the Ionians, when evening came on, took 
their supper, and, as it was summer time, brought out their 
camp-beds, and Jay down in the cool air, and at the same 
time watched to see if Socrates would keep standing throngh 


NOTES. | ; 111 


the night. And he stood until the morning came and the 
sun rose; and then, having offered prayers to the sun, went 
away.” 

The word ggortisr7euor is an invention of the comic poets, 
and formed after the analogy of Bovdeverjgur. Kock calls it 
Speculatorium. It means the place where philosophical 
meditation is done, the meditation-shop, the thinking-hall. 
The word may be written in English phrontistery, like bap- 
tistery and other like terms. The whole line may be ren- 
dered, This ts the thinking-shop, or phrontistery, of wise 
souls, 

96. svyetc, an extinguisher. This was a hollow cover 
of hemispherical shape, placed over the brazier or coal-pot 
(avOgaxwov), in which the charcoal fire was made. For a 
general account of the mode of warming ancient houses, see 
Becker’s Charicles, p. 214; Gallus, pp. 210, 211. . 

98. apyvoor.... did, tf one will but pay them for it. 
It was notorious that the sophists exacted enormous pay for 
their pernicious instructions, and that many of them accu- 
mulated large fortunes. But the charge as applied to Soc- 
rates was false ; he never received any compensation what- 
ever from his disciples. 

99. Agyorta vixav, To conquer in speaking; to gain the 
argument. Instrumental use of the participle, see Kiihner 
Gr. Gr., § 310. 4. 9. 


100. Ovx.... tovvoua, I don’t exactly know the name 
Strepsiades is afraid to come out with it at once, lest the 
young man should plumply refuse to have any thing to do 
with them. In the next line, the poet plays off some of the 
favorite terms of the philosophers. Megiuvoqgortiotai is a 
comic word, meaning speculative ponderers, or philosophers 
in a brown study ; and xadoi te xeyaHoi is a favorite expres- 
sion of Xenophon and Plato; xadoxéyabia described the 
character of a well-educated, high-bred Athenian gentleman. 


112 NOTES. 


Such it was the profession of the sophists to make their dis- 
ciples. 

102. Aipot....oida. Phidippides starts at the men- 
tion of them, Bah! the rogues, I know. In the next sen- 
tence he refers to some of their fantastic habits, their 
whimsical austerities, their philosophic paleness, and their 
affectation of going barefoot; they being too intent upon 
intellectual matters to give any heed to these things. With 
Socrates, however, these _ habits, though odd, were not 
affected. ys 

104. xaxodaiusov. This epithet of Socrates may be fas- 
tened upon him in satirical allusion to his demon, or the 
guiding spirit to which he gave that name, and which he 
declared, warned him of the nature of the actions he was 
about to perform. 

106. cdgitwr. The rustic ideas of Strepsiades show 
themselves in the selection of his phraseology. Flour or 
grain naturally occurs to him as the representative of prop- 
erty in general. 

107. Tovrwr, the partitive genitive, Of these, i. e. one of 
these. — oxacdmevos, separating yourself from, or, in the 
cant of the day, cutting. 

109. gacvavovg. Some explain this word as meaning 
horses, from the Phasis; others, as pheasants ; the latter 
probably is correct. The word may also allude punningly 
to sycophants, from qaivo. Leogoras was a gourmand, fre- 
quently ridiculed for his love of good eating. 

110. gitar’ cévOo0nmr. An expression of special fond- 
ness; dearest of human beings, my dearest fellow. 

112-115. Eivet.... tadimodstega. The poet here alludes 
to some of the mischievous opinions taught by the sophists, 
and especially to the art professed by some of them, of 
“making the worse appear the better reason”; of defending 
any side of any question or cause by the subtilties of 


NOTES. 113 


sophistical logic; of confounding right and wrong by plausi 
ble and puzzling arguments to prove the uncertainty of all 
moral distinctions, and by vague generalities, difficult to be 
denied, and having their counterpart in the extravagances 
taught by some of the Cloud-philosophers of the present 
day. Strepsiades is anxious that his son should go to the 
phrontistery and acquire this art, so as to help him to get rid 
of his debts (116-118). 


If, then, you’ll go and learn this cheating logic, 
Of all the debts I owe on your account 
I’ll never pay to any man a farthing. 


119, 120. Ovx.... duaxexvasopevog, I could not ccmply, 
for I should not dare to look upon the knights with my 
color rubbed away. Phidippides refuses, because he would 
be ashamed to look his genteel friends in the face, with his 
complexion spoilt by reducing it to the philosophic color. 
For the use of the optative mWoiuyy, see Kiihner, Gr. Gr., 
§ 260, 3 (4). 

121. Ovx.... &e, Well, then, by Demeter, you shall not 
eat of mine; #5, from go, fut. Zopcu, 2 pers. ée. See 
Soph. Gr. Gr., § 133. 

122. Cys, yoke-horse. The (yw were the two middle 
horses in a team of four abreast, so called from their being 
placed under the yoke, Cvydc. 

123. "AX... . oixiag, literally, J will drive you out of 
my house to the crows. A proverbial expression, often used 
in angry imprecations, as (1. 133) Badd é¢ xogaxac, Go to 
the crows, just like the English, Go to the devil. 

124, 125. *4212.... goortm, But my uncle Megacles 
will not let me go without a horse. I'll go in and won't 
trouble my head any more for you. The young man’s 
thoughts are running upon his horses and the equestrian 
dignity of his mother’s family. He is tired of standing and 

10* 


114 NOTES. 


hearing his father talk, and determines to go to bed again. 
The poet makes him use ggovti@ in allusion to the jargon 
of the philosophers. He rings every possible change upon 
the word. The tense is the Attic future for ggorticw. 

126. 24d’... . xsicopor, But though I’m thrown, I will 
not lie here. A metaphor drawn from the wrestlers. He 
has been defeated in his plan for his son, but does not mean 
to despair. As the youth will not become a Phrontist, he 
will try it himself. The poet makes him, satirically enough, 
pray to the gods for success, before attempting to-learn this 
“new way to pay old debts.” 

130. oxwdadepovs, literally, shivers of wood; used meta- 
phorically for” subtleties of logie and sophistry, quips and 
quirks. 

131. *Jryréor, lengthened form of izéov, I must go. The 
lengthening of the word gives it a sort of slang turn, = I 
must go tt. After some hesitation the old man is resolved 
to make the trial, and expresses his resolution by this 
word. — Ti rave’ éyov oroayyevouo, Why thus, or Why 
then do I loiter? rave’ éyov in this sense is an Attic idiom, 
of which many examples occur, several hereafter in this 
play. The old man at length departs, and, knocking at the 
door oi’ the phrontistery, disturbs the musings of the disci-" 
ples; one of whom, in a fit of very unphilosophical wrath, 
tells him (1. 133) to go to the crows, and then asks his 
name; to which Strepsiades replies, with suitable circum- 
stantiality (1. 134), Phidon’s son, Strepsiades, the Cicyn- 
nian. 

135-137. *Anuabyg .... &evonueryry, You are a clown, by 
Zeus, who have thus thoughtlessly kicked against the door, 
and made a profound conception that I had just traced out 
miscarry. “Apabie, literally, ignorant, unlearned. *Anegu- 
peor, without deep cogitation, like a boor, and not like a 
philosopher. 


NOTES. 115 


138. ryjlov.... dyoor, for I live afar in the country. 
Strepsiades is burlesquing a verse of Euripides. For thes 
construction, see Matthiaw, § 340; Soph. Gr. Gr., § 196. 

139. 10 meaypa tovkyuphopévor, the thing that has been 
made to miscarry. The language here and in the preceding 
speech of the disciple is a humorous burlesque of the So- 
cratic idea of the mateutic art, and of the intellectual mid- 
wife, which the philosopher, himself the son of a woman 
who practised obstetrics, pronounced himself to be; and the 
school is held up, through most of these scenes, as a place 
of initiation into profound and mysterious knowledge, con- 
cealed from all but the disciples. 

141. éyo.... ovtoci. The force of the demonstrative 
pronoun is adverbial; for J, here, or I, your.man here. 

143. Nopica .... pvotioi, But these things are to be 
regarded as mysteries. ‘The ridicule here is directed 
against the secrets and mysteries that belonged to the inte- 
rior of the philosophic schools. 

144-147. *Avioer .... d&qydato. The Cherephon here 
spoken of was one of the warmest friends and most distin- 
guished disciples of Socrates. He is often mentioned by 
Xenophon and Plato. He injured his health by intense 
study, and the sallowness of his complexion gave Aristopha- 
nes occasion for several jokes at his expense. He was oné 
of the exiles who returned to Athens on the downfall of the 
Thirty Tyrants. The philosophical, or rather geometrical, 
experiment here described contains an allusion to the thick, 
bushy eyebrows of Cherephon, and the bald head of Soc- 
rates. It might be repeated any day by the philosophers 
of modern Athens. 

148. Aekoitara, Most dexterously. 

151. Iegowai, Persian sandals ; handsome, red sandals, 
like the Turkish slippers of the present times. 

152. dveperger, he set about measuring off. Note the 
force of the imperfect tense. — 10 yagior, the distance. 


116 NOTES. 


1538. "Q.... goerav, O Zeus, what subtlety of the intel- 
.lects! For the construction of the genitive, see Matt. Gr. 
Gr., § 871; Soph. Gr. Gr., § 194, 2. 

154-155. Ti.... poortiopa ; What would you say, then, 
tf you should hear another deep thing of Socrates? — a. 
This particle qualifies some verb to be supplied. For its 
use in interrogative sentences, see Kiihner, Gr. Gr., § 260, 
8, c 

157. ‘Onorepu .... to. The question is stated in a 
very solemn and philosophical manner, Whether he held the 
opinion, or Whether he maintained the doctrine. 

159. éustid8os, the gnat, midge, the same as the xovww; 
the insect still abounds in Athens. The name is repeated 
several times in the course of the discussion, for the pur- 
pose of heightening the ridicule. 

166. "2... . dwvrregedparoc, O thrice blessed for the in- 
ward vision! that is, intuition of the inside of the gnat. 
The word is comic, says Passow, as if one should say 
Darmsichtigkeit for Scharfsichtigkeit, innersight instead 
of insight. 

167, 168. "H .... éumidoc, Surely, a man who sees 
through a gnat’s inside might easily get acquitted in a suit 
at law. In the legal language of Athens, 6 gevyov was the 
defendant ; dstopedyew meant to be acquitted, to escape the 
penalty. 

169. yrounv peyadyr, a great philosophical idea. 

176. ti.... émakapyjoato; and what did he contrive for 
the bread? 

177-179. Kara....vgeihero. These three lines have 
caused much difficulty among the commentators. The allu- 
sion in the first line is to the geometricians, whe covered a 
table with fine sand, and on this drew their figures; in the 
second, the philosopher is represented as taking up a small 
spit, and then handling a pair of compasses; and in the 
third, the scene suddenly changes, and the disciple makes 


NOTES. 117 


him whip away a cloak from the palestra. It is well 
known that the palestras were a favorite resort of Socra- 
tes. There, while the young men were practising their 
exercises, the outside garments were laid aside, and, of 
course, might easily be stolen. Perhaps the poet is merely 
ridiculing the philosopher, by making his disciple begin as 
if he had a great scientific problem of his master’s to de- 
scribe, and break off suddenly by attributing to him the 
petty trick of stealing a cloak from the palestra. The 
rustic would understand but little about the geometry; but 
if the science enabled him to do such tricks, it must be 
something worth learning, and very much to his purpose, 
as he wanted to cheat his creditors. But the loss of the 
supper seems to be, forgotten. The disciple, perhaps, did 
not mean to answer the querist’s question in any other way. 
Bothe says, —“ Preestigiatorum artibus usum fingit person- 
atum istum Socratem; nam quemadmodum prestigiatores 
aliud agunt, aliud agere videntur, sepeque mira celeritate 
nihil suspicantibus aliquid vel auferre, vel inserere in sinum 
solent; sic ille in palestra, postquam cinere conspersit 
abacum, tanquam figuras geometricas descripturus, velut 
mutato consilio, veru alicubi arreptum incurvavit, tum rur- 
sus propositum se tenere fingens circinum in manus sump- 
sit, mirantibusque spectatoribus, quid sibi vellet, et de his 
rebus, presertim insuetis eo loco, inter se colloquentibus, 
dum minus observatur, pallium aliquod, quo ei opus erat, 
bh. e. non adeo vile ac tritum, ut nullo pretio futurum esset 
(Goiuetior, non ivetioy) veru impacto, tanquam uncino, ex 
ips& palestra, loco frequentissimo, furatus est, eoque post 
vendito ceenavit.” According to this note, he stole the 
cloak, and sold it for a supper. Mitchell says, — “The 
three verses preceding appear upon the whole to be little 
more than a piece of mere persiflage (and so thinks Wie- 
land), in which we are not to look for any very connected 
sense. The scholar, who has hitherto been on the high 


118 NOTES. 


ropes about his master, seeing by this time whom he has te 
deal with, plays off a little wit upon his rustic hearer. 
This narrative accordingly commences as if Socrates were 
about to draw upon his abacus or table (previously strewed 
with dust) some geometrical figures. Instead of a pair of 
compasses, however, the philosopher takes a small spit, 
which he works into something like a pair of compasses ; 
but, instead of drawing a diagram with this instrument, the 
scholar’s narrative suddenly shifts his master into the pales- 
tra, where he is described as filching @ cloak, the scholar at 
the same time exemplifying the act by affecting to twitch 
the cloak from his auditor. Strepsiades, who has been fol- 
lowing the speaker open-mouthed, expecting some almost 
magical proceeding on the part of Socrates to procure his 
scholars a supper, and looking hum! hah! indeed! pro- 
digious! sees nothing of the fallacy practised upon his 
understanding, but breaks out into a strain of admiration at 
the dexterity of Socrates, ‘And to think of Thales after 
this !’” 

Perhaps it is nothing but a joking way of telling how 
Socrates cajoled them out of their supper, by fixing their 
attention upon the figures he was drawing upon the table. 
“ Having spread fine dust over the table, he bent a little 
spit, and took a pair of compasses, and whipped the 
cloak away from the palestra.” Whipping the cloak from 
the palestra may have been, from the circumstances before 
mentioned, a humorous and proverbial expression for slily 
cheating one of any thing. A law prescribing the penalty 
for “stealing a garment from the Lyceum, or the Academy, 
or the Cynosarges,” &c., is cited by Demosthenes, Contra 
Timocratem, 736. 

Kock adopts another reading, first proposed by Hermann, 
§vucrioy instead of Gomceror. Offerings were left in the pa- 
lestra to Hermes; and the trick charged upon Socrates, 
according to this reading, is that he filched away a bit of 





~ 


a es ee 
ye Pest 


NOTES. 119 
meat from the palestra, while the attention of the specta- 
tors was occupied with a pretended geometrical demonstra- 
tion. 

180. éxeivoy .... Oavpetouer; that Thales, that is, the 
great Thales, the famous philosophér, whose name was 
world-famous. The impatience of Strepsiades to be admit- 
ted at once into the school is too great to be restrained. 

183. Madyrio yao, For I long to be a disciple, or rather, 
as the desiderative verb has something of comic force, I’m 
tiching to be a disciple. 

The door is open, and Strepsiades looks in. “ Every 
ludicrous situation,” says Mitchell, “and attitude, in which 
a number of young persons could be presented as pursuing 
their studies, is here to be imagined. This pupil has his 
head, as it were, in the heavens; he is contemplating divine 
entities, and seeing how far Socratic ¢deas correspond with 
Pythagorean numbers. That has his head buried in the 
earth, his heels being uppermost ; doubtless he is searching 
_. for fossil remains. A third party content themselves with 
tracing various diagrams on their abaci, or philosophic 
tables. All are deadly pale, without shoes, having the hair 
long and matted, and, instead of the flowing himation, wear- 
ing the short philosophic ¢ribon. Various articles of sci- 
ence, globes, charts, maps, compasses, &c., are strewed 
about. In the centre of the room, and evidently set apart 
for some unusual purpose, stands a small litter or portable 
couch. The scene is completed by two female figures. 
The one bears a sphere in her hand; by way of belt, she 
has part of the zodiac round her waist, and her robe-maker 
has evidently been instructed not to be sparing of suns, 
moons, and stars in her drapery. As this figure was meant 
to represent Astronomy, so that, with her compasses in her 
hand, her robe plentifully figured with diagrams, and the 
mystic nilometer on her head, is evidently intended for 
Geometry.” 


120 NOTES. 


184. ravzi.... Oyoia; what part of the world do these 
animals come from? or, what sort of creatures are these ? 

186. Toicg .... Aaxwvnmoig, The captives taken from 
Pylos, the Lacedemonians I mean. The event alluded to 
in this line was one of the most singular in the Peloponne- 
sian war. The siege of Pylos, which was garrisoned partly 
by Spartan soldiers, had lasted a long time, and the Athe- 
nians were beginning to be discontented with Nicias, the 
first of the ten generals. Cleon, the most notorious dema- 
gogue of the day, seized this occasion to inflame the popular 
discontent. “He pointed at Nicias, the son of Niceratus, 
the general,” says Thucydides, “being his enemy, and 
inclined to censure him, declaring that it would be easy 
enough, if the generals were men, to sail with an armament 
and capture the forces on the island, and that he himself 
would do it, if he had the command.” Very unexpectedly, 
he was taken at his word; Nicias offered to resign, and then 
Cleon tried to withdraw. “But the more he declined the 
voyage, and tried to escape from his own words,” remarks 
Thucydides, “the more they, as is customary with a mob, 
insisted upon Nicias resigning the command, and were 
clamorous for Cleon to sail.” So he was finally compelled 
to submit to the honor which the sovereign peovle thrust 
upon him in jest. Putting a bold face upon the matter, he 
said he was not afraid of the Lacedzemonians; but with the 
Lemnians and Imbrians who were present, in addition to the 
soldiers then at Pylos, he would, within twenty days, either 
bring to Athens the Lacedemonians alive, or kill them 
there. This boast was received by the multitude with 
shouts of laughter; but, by an extraordinary series of acci- 
dents, he was enabled to fulfil his promise, and within 
twenty days brought the soldiers of the garrison, among 
whom were about a hundred and twenty Spartans, prison- 
ers to Athens. See Thucydides, IV. c. 27-40, where 
there is a most able narrative of these events. Their date 
is B. C. 425. 


NOTES. 121 


A scholiast remarks, with great simplicity, — “It was 
natural that these men, on account of the fear of captivity, 
and on account of their having been besieged already many 
days (seventy-two, according to Thucydides) in a desert 
island, where they could get no supplies, and, by reason of 
their having been imprisoned in stocks a long time after the ~ 
eapture, should have become pale, and thin, and filthy.” 

192. Otro .... Tégragor, These are prying into dark- 
ness under Tartarus. épeBodipaw, from épeBoc, and dupa, 
to search. 

195. 2Al? ... . émutiyy, But go in (speaking to the 
scholars who had come out to see the new disciple), lest HZ 
fall in with you here. The pronoun éxeivog, he, and in 
other places avrdg, is used by way of eminence, being al- 
ways understood, when spoken by disciples or followers of 
a sect, to refer to the master. The Pythagorean avro¢ épa, 
tpse dixit, he said, that is, Pythagoras said, is well known. 

197. mw.... nor, a little matter of my own. neaypcrtur, 
diminutive of zpaypa. 

200. IIpoc.... mot, In the name of the gods, what are 
these things? tell me. He points to the images of Astron 
omy and Geometry. 

202. Tovr.... yojowov; What is this good for? The 
answer reminds Strepsiades at once of the colonial lands of 
the Athenians, which played as conspicuous a part in Attic 
politics as the “public lands ” do in our own. The following 
‘ is an outline of Boeckh’s remarks upon this subject. — It 
was held to be a right of conquest to divide the lands of 
conquered tribes or nations among the conquerors. The 
distribution of the land was employed as a caution against, 
and a penalty for, revolt; and the Athenians perceived that 
there was no cheaper or better method of maintaining the 
supremacy, as Machiavelli has most justly remarked, than 
the establishment of colonies, which would be compelled to 
exert themselves for their own interest to retain possession 

11 


Re NOTES. 


of the conquered countries; but in this calculation they 
were so blinded by passion and avarice as to fail to perceive 
that their measures excited a lasting hatred against the op- 
pressors, from the consequence of which oversight Athens 
severely suffered..... Are we to call it disinterestedness, 
when one state endows its poor citizens at the cost of 
another? Now it was of this class of persons that the set- 
tlers were chiefly composed, and the state provided them 
with arms, and defrayed the expenses of their journey. It 
is nevertheless true that the lands were distributed by lot 
among a fixed number of citizens; the principle of division 
doubtless wa8, that all who wished to partake in the adven- 
ture applied voluntarily, and it was then determined by lot 
who should and who should not receive a share. If any 
wealthy person wished to go out as a fellow-speculator, full 
liberty must necessarily have been granted to him. The 
profitableness of the concern forbids us to imagine that all 
the citizens cast lots, and that those upon whom the chance 
fell were compelled to become Cleruchi. The distribution 
-# lands was of most frequent occurrence after the adminis- 
mation of Pericles. Pericles himself, and his successors, 
Alcibiades, Cleon, and other statesmen, employed it as a 
means of appeasing the needy citizens; and the fondness 
of the common Athenians for this measure may be seen 
from the example of Strepsiades in the Clouds of Aris- 
tophanes, who, on the mention of the word Geometry, is 
Tap reminded of measuring out the lands of the Cleru- 

. See Boeckh, Public a of the Athenians, Lamb’s 
iF dasico, p- 546-556. 

204, 205. “Aoteiov .... yonomor,’ Tis a capital thing 
you mention, for the contrivance is both republican and 
useful. 

207. Adjva. The disciple shows him a map, and points 
out Athens on it. The old man, however, humorously says 
it cannot be Athens, for there are no judges to be seen 


WOT RS: 128 


there. The number of citizens occupied in the courts of 
Athens as judges might sometimes amount to six thousand, 
about a fourth part, as Wieland remarks, of the whole free 
population of Athens. —~ 

209. ‘Qg .... yogior, In very truth, this is the Attic 
land. : 

211, 212. ‘H.... aavv, This is Eubeea, as you see, 
stretching along here very far. He points out the island of 
Eubecea stretching along the coast of Attica. 

213. O18 .... Iegixdeove, Yes, I know, it was stretched 
by us and Pericles. A joking allusion to the heavy tributes 
exacted of the Eubceans by the Athenians, after the Chal- 
cidians and Eretrians had been besieged by Pericles. 

215, 216. ‘Q¢.... wavy, How near us? Use all your 
philosophy (navv goortilete, ponder deeply; the poet is 
again laughing at the philosophic cant) to remove it very, 
_ very far from us. Strepsiades affects to be frightened by 
the proximity of Sparta to Athens, as seen on the map. 
The history of the Peloponnesian war, which had already 
eaused the Athenians so much distress, will explain the 
old man’s alarm. 

217. Oiuwteo® &oa, You'll groan, then, that is, so much 
the worse for you, if you can’t put it further off. 

218, 219. Wépe....°Q Soxpates. Strepsiades now ob- 
serves a man suspended aloft in a basket. This is accom- 
plished by means of stage machinery. In great surprise 
he asks, Who is that man up there in the basket? The dis- 
ciple answers, in Pythagorean fashion, Avro, He. What 
he? says Strepsiades; and when he is told it is Socrates, he 
exclaims, with an expression of surprise, calling to the phi- 
losopher, and standing with admiring look fixed upon him, 
O Socrates ! 

220. "IG ....péya. This is addressed to the disciple, — 
Come, you, speak up to him for me, loud. But the disciple, 
his master being present, is too busy to do any such thing, 


124 NOTES. 


Whereupon Strepsiades ventures to call him himself, and, in 
a coaxing style, rendered ludicrous by the diminutive of the 
philosopher’s name, shouts out, 82 Soxpares, ’Q Swxgaridzoy, 
Socrates, Socratidy ! The reply of the philosopher, from 
his elevated position, is such as becomes his dignity, — Why 
callest thou me, O creature of a day? 

225. *AepoBatam.... Aur. Another sublime speech of 
the philosopher, and designed by the poet to ridicule a cer- 
tain class of physical inquiries among the sophists, — 


I mount the air and overlook the sun. 


226, 227. "Emer ....eineg. For the elliptical use of 
eineg, see Matt. Gr. Gr., § 117, f. Strepsiades touches upon 
the atheism which was charged upon the sophists, and, play- 
ing upon the words, substitutes vmegqeoreic, you despise, con- 
temn, for the verb meguppora, to examine, to overlook. But, 
on account of the double meaning of overlook, the point may 
be preserved in English without changing the word: — 


. Dost thou, then, from the basket overlook 
The gods, and not from earth, if 





227-230. Ov.... déga. Socrates goes on to give the 
xeason why he has got up into the basket to speculate. The 
whole passage is a ludicrous embodying in visible represen- 
tation of the philosophic mode of procedure in inquiries into 
matter above the earth, petémpa mocypyata, such as the sun, 
moon, stars, meteors, clouds, and the like. The speech 
ends with an amusing turn, in which the poet laughs at the 
Socratic method of drawing illustrations of moral or phi- 
losophic truths from objects of every-day life. Siivern 
(Uber Aristophanes Wolken, pp. 8,9,) justly remarks, — 
“Socrates, as delineated hy Xenophon, was notoriously so 
far removed from the investigations into the peréwoa, i. e. 
the universe, the heavenly bodies and the atmospherical 
phenomena which occupy the master of the ponderers, that 
he consiljered it a piece of insanity to surrender one’s self, 


NOTES. 125 


like Anaxagoras, to their contemplation, because it was im- 
possible to penetrate to their actual foundation and relations. 
This belonged originally to the physical school, then, also, 
to the Eleatics, but was not foreign to the sophists, and 
among them Prodicus especially is designated as a meteor- 
ologist by Aristophanes in the Clouds and in the Birds. 
Aristophanes, therefore, has transferred this, not from those 
two schools only, but from the philosophers generally of that 
time, to his thinking-house, called the ggortiotig.or, as an 
establishment for such subtilties ; and with such expressions 
as megusvogeortiotal, — which Xenophon resolves into pegu 
pwrarta and Poortiot7y, — wEeTEWMQOGOIOTAL, pETEwQopEvaxsc, 
adokéozxat, which he uses of the master and disciples, desig- 
nates the philosophy generally, partly in reference to the 
subject on which they busied themselves, partly in reference 
to the mode of speculating and discoursing upon it.” 

230. tov omovor céoa, its kindred air. A reference to the 
opinion of the Ionic philosophers upon the cognate nature of 
the soul and air. 

232. ov yao a2. An Attic idiom, properly elliptical, for 
ov yag povoy tovto adda, &c., for not only so, but. The 
idiom, however, may be rendered, for, moreover. 

233. ixudda tig poortidSos, moisture of thought. “That 
Socrates was versed in the writings of Heraclitus is well 
known ; and to some opinions of that school, as, that a dry 
soul is best, that the death of intelligent souls arises from 
moisture, &c., reference is here prokhably made.” Mitchell. 

236. ‘H.... xagdapea ; Strepsiades is utterly confounded 
by this philosophical rigmarole. “ What!” says he, “ do 
you say that the thought draws the moisture into the water- 
cresses ?” 

237, 238. "Ti .... édndvba, Come, then, Socratidy, come 
down to me, that you may teach me that for which I’ve come. 

239. “Hibeg.... ti; You’ve come for what? This ar 
rangement of words is often used in interrogations. 

ie Ba 


126 «NOTES. ~ 


240, 241. ‘Ynd.... éveyvodtouat, For 1 am plundered 
and ravaged by interest and the hardest creditors, and my 
property ts taken for security. The phrase éyew nai péoew, 
to drive and carry, i. e. to plunder, to ravage, is of very 
ancient origin, and refers to driving away cattle and carry- 
ing away fruits and other inanimate objects. In process of 
time its original force was lost, and the whole phrase was 
used in the simple sense of to plunder. For the construc- 
tion of z& yoruat’ éveyvoctouat, see Matt. Gr. Gr., § 421, 2. 
“ As, by a peculiar Greecism, verbs which in the active take 
a dative of the person can be referred to this person as a 
subject in the passive, these verbs in the passive have also 
the thing in the accusative, whilst in other languages only 
that which is the object of the active becomes the subject of 
the passive.” See also Soph. Gr. Gr., § 208. 

242. Tlobev .... yevousvog; How did you get into 
debt without knowing it? For the various constructions of 
AavOavew, see Matt. Gr. Gr. § 552,b; Soph. Gr. Gr, 
§ 225, 8. 

245, 246. MicOov.... Ozovc, And, whatever price you 
may ask me, I'll swear by the gods to pay down. For con- 
struction of two accusatives, see Soph. Gr. Gr., § 184. 

247, 248. apwrov....éort. The word dona means 
either an established institution or a coin. It is used here 
equivocally, referring partly to what Strepsiades has said 
about paying. Translate, For, first, gods are not a current 
coin with us. 

248, 249. To .... Butartiy; By what do you swear? 
by iron coins, as they do in Byzantium? The allusion here 
is explained by the following passage from Boeckh’s Public 
Economy of the Athenians, p. 768, 769. “It was similar to 
the iron money of the Clazomenians, with this difference only, 
that it was not at the same time an evidence of debt. By- 
zantium, notwithstanding its favorable situation for com- 
merce, and the fertility of its territory, was generally in a 


NOTES. es 127 


miserable condition. The Persian and Peloponnesian wars, 
the wars of Philip, and the alliance with the Athenians, 
together with the tributes exacted by the latter, must have 
unfavorably affected its prosperity. With the barbarians in 
its vicinity it was engaged in continual contests, and was 
unable to restrain them, either by force, or by tributes; and 
to the other evils of war was added the tantalizing vexa- 
tion, that, when with much labor and expense they had 
raised a rich crop upon their fertile fields, their enemies 
destroyed it, or gathered what they had sown; until at last 
they were obliged to pay the Gauls valuable presents, and, 
in a later period, a high tribute, to prevent the devastation 
of their fields. These difficulties compelled the adoption of 
extraordinary measures, and finally the exaction of the toll on 
vessels passing the Bosporus, which in Olymp. 140, 1 (8. c. 
220), involved Byzantium in the war with Rhodes. Among - 
the earlier measures, adopted by them for relieving them- 
selves from pecuniary embarrassment, was the introduction 
of an iron coinage for domestic circulation, in order that they 
might use the silver in their possession for the purposes of 
foreign trade, for carrying on war, and for tributes. It was 
current during the period of the Peloponnesian war, and 
received the Doric appellation sidareos, as the small copper 
coin of the Athenians received that of chalcfis. Since it 
was thin and worthless, it appears to have been merely a 
strong plate of iron, having an impression on one side.” 

251. eine gor ye, that is, &eor, if it is possible. 

254. Kabile.... oxiustoda, Sit down, then, upon the 
sacred couch. The oxipstovg was a sort of folding-stool for 
travellers, invalids, and sedentary persons. Socrates was 
known to possess such a stool or couch. 

256. "Eni ti orépavov; Orown, for what? For éni ti, 
see Matt. Gr. Gr., § 568, ¢. 

257. “Romeg .... Ovoere, Don’t sacrifice me like Athae 


128. | NOTES. 


mas. The construction of this line is purposely confused, 
to express the alarm experienced by Strepsiades. Socrates 
attempts to place the chaplet upon his head, so as to frighten 
him. For the construction of 62w¢ pn (oxone, look out, un- 
derstood) with the future, equivalent to a negative impera- 
tive, see Matt. Gr. Gr., § 518, 7; Soph. Gr. Gr., § 214, b. 
The story of Athamas is thus told by a scholiast :—“ Atha- 
mas had two children by Nephele, Phryxus and Helle. De- 
serting Nephele, who was a goddess, he married a mortal. 
Nephele, therefore, in a fit of jealousy, flew up to heaven, 
and afflicted her husband’s land with a drought. Atha- 
mas sent messengers to Apollo to inquire concerning the 
drought; and his wife, wishing the death of Phryxus and 
Helle, bribed the messengers to declare, that the Pythian 
oracle’s response was, that the drought would not cease, 
unless they sacrificed the offspring of Nephele. Athamms 
then sends for them from the sheepfolds; but a ram, speak- 
ing with a human voice, warns them of their threatened 
death. They fled, therefore, with the ram, and, as they 
were crossing the strait to Abydos, Helle fell off and was 
drowned, and it was called the Hellespont, after her. But 
Phryxus, riding on the ram, arrives safely in the country 
of the Colchians, where he sacrifices the ram, gifted by the 
gods with a golden fleece, to Ares or Hermes; and, estab- 
lishing himself there, left his name to the country. But 
Nephele causes Athamas to suffer punishment for her chil- 
dren; he is brought forward, therefore, with a chaplet upon 
his head, about to be sacrificed on the altar of Zeus, when 
he is rescued from death by Hercules. Such is the repre- 
sentation of Sophocles in his play.” 

258, 259. Ovx .... mowvper, No, but we do all these 
things to those who are undergoing initiation. 

260. Agyew .... moimtady. toippa, from teipo, to rub, 
something rubbed, polished, &c.; hence, metaphorically, uw 


norss 129 


person skilled and polishedein any thing. xgeradovr, a rattle 
or veil, and met. a talking person, a rattler. moan, fine 
meal, met. a subtle fellow, a keen, acute rogue. 

261, 262. Ma.... yeryjooucn, By Zeus, you will not de- 
ceive me; that is, What you say about my being made 
meal of I’m afraid will be true enough. Upon the 262d 
line Mitchell says,—“The words are hardly out of the 
mouth of Strepsiades, when the whole contents of the bag 
(a mingled mass of fine pebble, tin, and meal) are dashed 
into his face. Strepsiades sputters and spits, and spits and 
sputters, till, the intervening obstacles being at last removed, 
out comes the word zamédy, like a pellet from a pop-gun. 
But this is not all. Strepsiades turns to the spectators, and 
part of the freemasonry of the Socratic school is discoy- 
ered ; for the face of Strepsiades, hitherto of a ruddy color, 
has now assumed the hue of deadly pale peculiar to that 
school. Such appears to me the meaning of this difficult 
passage.” 

263. Evqyueiv, To observe a religious silence. ‘The cere- 
mony of initiation is now over, and nothing remains but to 
introduce Strepsiades to the new divinities. The first line 
is addressed to him; then Socrates proceeds with a solemn 
invocation to Air, and Ether, and the Clouds, the deities of 
the new school. 

266. tm goortiory, to the phrontist. These words,” 
says a scholiast, “may be understood either of Socrates or 
the old man; of Socrates, so that he may be invoking the 
clouds to appear to him; or of the old man, since Socrates 
already counts him among the number of the philosophers.” 
Mitchell says they refer to Strepsiades, “the newly admit- 
ted member. That the popular voice subsequently fixed 
the term on Socrates himself may be gathered from the 
language which Xenophon puts into the mouth of his Syra- 
cusan juggler, when offended at seeing the guests whom 
he had been brought to amuse paying more attention to 


130 NOTES. 


Socrates than ‘o his own sleightsof-hand tricks.” He thea 
cites the passaye from Xenophon’s Symposium to the fol- 
lowing effect :—“‘ And these discourses going on, when the 
Syracusans saw them neglecting his exhibitions, and enter- 
taining themselves with one another, envying Socrates, he 
said to him, ‘Are you, then, O Socrates, the reflecter, so 
called (6 goorttoty¢) ?’ ‘Better so,’ he replied, ‘than if I 
were called the unreflecting (agedrtotos).” ‘Yes, unless 
you were a reflecter (qeovtioty¢) upon things on high (zo 
petedoor).’ ‘Do you know, then,’ said Socrates, ‘any thing 
higher than the gods?’ ‘ But, by Zeus, it is not these, they 
say, that you give your thoughts to, but the most useless 
things..... But let these things alone, and tell me how 
many flea’s feet you are distant from me; for these are the 
things, they say, that you apply geometry to.’” Xen. Sym. 
VI. 6. 

267. Mimo. Strepsiades, frightened at the invocation, 
bawls out, begging the clouds not to appear until he has 
folded his cloak about him. 

268. To... . &ovta, Unlucky that I am, to have come 
Srom home without my dog-skin cap! For the use of the 
accusative and infinitive with the neuter article, see Kiihner, 
Gr. Gr., § 308, R. 2. 

269. 1@d aig énidek&w, to exhibition before him, that is, 
before Strepsiades. ‘The following lines are in that high 
poetic vein, of which no one was a greater master than 
Aristophanes, when he chose to give free scope to his lyric 
genius. 

270. ywovoPdxrorot, snow-beaten. 

271. Nias, with the Nymphs (Soph. Gr. Gr., § 206), 
that is, the daughters of father Oceanus, and of Tethys, the 
same that compose the chorus in the Prometheus Bound. 

272. mpoyouic, literally, the outflowings, that is, the 
mouths. — yovotag apitecbe mpoyovow, ye draw in golden 
pitchers. With regard to the places mentioned in these 


NOTES. 131 


lines, Bothe observes, — “The poet describes the earth, 
from its centre, where Mount Olympus was believed to be 
situated, and in four directions, — towards the west, where 
were the ocean isles, the south, where was the Nile, the 
north, where was Lake Meotis, and, finally the east, where 
was Mimas, the highest mountain in Ionia, — not in Thrace, 
as has been supposed ;” the same Mimas, probably; that is 
mentioned in the Odyssey, III. 172: — 


"H ixévepfe Xiow, rap’ hvepbevta Mipvarra. 


_ 275. *Asvaot Negédou. “Loud claps of thunder are here 
heard; these are succeeded by a solemn strain of music; 
after which, a chorus of voices, apparently proceeding from 
a body of clouds which float about on the side of Mount 
Parnes. These clouds gradually assume the appearance of 
females of the most commanding aspect, and subsequently 
occupy, like other choruses, the orchestra, or empty space 
between the stage and the spectators.” Mitchell. 

After the prayer of Socrates, the clouds summon each 
other to obey the invocation to assemble, and thus to make 
their appearance before Socrates. . 

276. Seocegar qiow evayytor, dewy, easy-moving nature. 
With regard to the appearance of the clouds, Welcker re- 
marks, — “In the uncovered theatre, the chorus was really 
seen moving along from the side of Parnes, veiled like 
clouds, directly opposite the spectators, coming down over 
the walls, which on both sides shut in a large part of the 
long stage, and behind which the machinery was disposed. 
While they were rapidly and tumultuously shaking off their 
cloudy veils, and coming forth as women of wondrous dig- 
nity and beauty, they occupied the orchestra, the empty 
space between the spectators and the players, and then took 
the elevated Thymele, in order to speak, by means of the 
choir-leader, with the actors or the spectators, to whom they 
alternately addressed themselves.” 


132 NOTES. 


287-290. Ad? .... yaiar, But let us, having shaken off 
the showery cloud from our immortal form, survey the earth 
with far-seeing eye. ‘There is some doubt as to the reading 
of aavarag ideag. Some have aaveérag iSéac, and a 
scholiast mentions the reading @Oaverng iSéag. The read- 
ing given in the text is perhaps the best, and the genitive 
case is constructed with amoceodusrat, having shaken off 
Srom. 

292. "Hicbov.... Ozooentov; Socrates addresses this to 
Strepsiades. Osocentov, worthy of divine worship, to be 
reverenced as a god. 

296. ameg....ovro. The poet makes Socrates allude 
satirically to the comedians in these words. tovyodaiuoves. 
This ludicrous epithet was compounded in imitation of the 
xaxodatiuovres, applied by the comic poets to Socrates and his 
fellow-philosophers. It means literally (zev§, datuovrec) lees- 

_demons, and refers to the comic actors daubing their faces 
with the lees of wine. 

297. peya.... aodaic, for a great swarm of goddesses 
is in motion with their songs. — 

299. ITapbevor ouBooqogo. “ After a preluding strain of 
music, the voices of the chorus are again heard, but they 
themselves are not yet visible.” Mitchell. 

300. dunager yOova Tladdad0oc, the fair land of Pallas. 
Pindar called Athens Juzapai xat coidynor, “EXLad0¢ Epeiope., 
xhewat -Abjvau, illustrious Athens, fair and famous, the prop 
of Greece. », 

302. addirer isoar, the unspeakable, sacred rites, that is, 

’ the Eleusinian mysteries. 

303. Mvorodoxog Sopog. “Sacellum templi Eleusinii, in 
quo initiatio fiebat.” Schutz. 

304. cvadeinxvvton, is thrown open. 

308. Kai... . isgoirara, and the most sacred processions, 
in honor of the immortals. 

809-313. Evorépavoi .... avdeav, And well-crowned fes- 





NOTES. - se 


_ tivals and banquets in all the seasons, and, at the coming 
spring, the Bromian joy, and the rivalries of harmonious 
choruses, and the deep-resounding music (literally, Muse) 
of flutes. This choral song is a beautiful description of the 
festivities and poetical amusements of the Athenians. No 
city of ancient times, equalled Athens in the variety, taste, 
and splendor of its entertainments, its processions, its cyclic 
dances, and its Dionysiac exhibitions. ‘These last were the 
most remarkable of all, as being the occasions which pro- 
duced the masterpieces of the Attic tragic drama, the works 
of A&schylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. These exhibitions 
are meant by the Boouia yaoug, at the coming of spring, the 
greater Dionysiac festival taking place at that season of the 
year. See Panegyricus of Isocrates, p. 15, Felton’s edi- 
tion, and note, p. 79. 

Mr. Wordsworth, the elegant author of .“ Athens and 
Attica,” makes the following remarks : —“ Aristophanes, in 
his play of the Nephele, brings his goddesses, the Clouds, 
from the heights of Mount Parnes, when, in compliance 
with the invocation of Socrates, they descend to visit the 
earth. Quitting their aerial station on this lofty mountain, 
they soar over the Athenian plain, and floating across the 
peaked hill of Lycabettus, at the north-east extremity of the 
city, and above the town itself, and the rock of the Acropo- 
lis, they fly over the Parthenon, and at last alight on the 
stage of the theatre on the south side of the citadel. Be- 
fore they commence their flight, they join their voices in a 
choral strain, replete with poetical beauty, which furnishes 
conclusive evidence that the poet who composed it might 
have been as distinguished for lyrical as he was for his 
dramatic excellence ; that, in a word, he might have beena 
Pindar, if he had not been an Aristophanes. 

“ While listening to the beautiful language and melodious 
harmony of this song, the audience might almost imagine 
itself to be placed in the same elevated position as was oc- 

12 


134 ‘NOTES. 


cupied by those who united in giving it utterance; and 
thence it might seem to contemplate all the noble and fair 
spectacles which they there see and describe. Together 
with the chorus of the Clouds, it might appear to look down 
upon the objects of which they speak as then visible to 
themselves: to see the land of Pallas stretched out before 
them, and the lofty temples and statues of Athens at their 
feet; to trace the long trains of worshippers in festal array 
going over the hills to the sacred mysteries of Eleusis; to 
follow the sacred processions winding through the streets to 
the Acropolis of the Athenian city; to witness the banquets 
and sacrifices on solemn holidays; to behold the crowds 
seated in the theatre at the beginning of spring, and view- 
mg the dances and listening to the melodies which there 
gave an additional charm to that season of festivity and 
joy.” Pictorial Greece, pp. 87, 88. 

316. peycdat,.... agyoic, great goddesses for idle men, 
that is, the philosophers and sophists, whose pursuits the 
poet would represent as idle and useless. “’ Qpedysor toig 
avOoomow amtouxtow * ot yay Koyo xeyrvaow sig tag Nepéhag,” 
says the Scholiast. 

317, 318. Aimeg .... xaradyww. In following out his 
purpose of ridiculing the philosophers, the poet makes Soc- 
rates ascribe to the clouds the faculties and arts which the 
sophists professed to ascertain and to cultivate. He ludi- 
crously mingles up philosophical terms with the cant of the 
jugglers. yvodpyr, thought. diet, the art of discussion by 
question and answer, or dialectics, — an art carried to its 
highest perfection by Socrates. yvovy, used in a variety of 
philosophical senses, but all traceable to the general idea of 
intelligence, or the intelligent principle, as distinguished from 
matter. tegatetar, the wondrous art, the art of dealing with 
supernatural things, jugglery, witchcraft, the black art. 
negidei, the art of talking round and round a subject; a 
gloss explains, evmogia xoi meguttotys oywr, abundance and 


= 


NOTES. ee 


superfluity of words, the wordy art. xgovow, literally, a 
blow, a stroke upon vessels to ascertain whether they are 
cracked, hence a proof, a test, also the touch of a musical 
instrument; perhaps, here, playing upon the mind, cheat- — 
ing; the same idea that is expressed in Hamlet’s dialogue 
with Guildenstern : — 


“ Hamlet. Will you play upon this pipe ? 

“ Guildenstern. My lord, I cannot, 

“Ham. I pray you. 

“ Guil. Believe me, I cannot. 

“Ham. I do beseech you. 

“ Guil. I know no touch of it, my lord. 

“ Ham. ’Tis as easy as lying; govern these ventages with your 
finger and thumb, give it breath with your mouth, and it will discourse 
most eloquent music. Look you, there are the stops. 

“ Guil. But these eannot I command to any utterance of harmony ; 
I have not the skill. 

“ Ham. Why, look you now, how unworthy a thing you make of 
me! You would play upon me; you would seem to know my stops ; 
you would pluck out the heart of my mystery; you would sound me 
Jrom my lowest note to the top of my compass ; and there is much music, 
excellent voice, in this little. organ; yet cannot you make it speak. 
S’blood, do you think I am easier to be played on than a pipe? Call 
me what instrument you will, though you can fret me, you cannot play 
upon me.” Hamlet, Act III., Se. 2. 


xaradnwew, comprehension, skill in getting hold of any thing. 
from xarahappavo. In the “ Knights,’ Aristophanes de- 
scribes a rhetorician thus : — 

Luvepxrixde yap tort kat wepaytixoc, 

Ka? yvwporvuminéc, kat caging Kal Kpovotixdc, 

Karadnrrixés 7’ dpiora tov PopuByriKod. 

319-322. Tadr.... éuuo. Taiz’, an Attic construc- 
tion for dia tavta. Strepsiades breaks out in a strange flood 
of words, as if in a fit of inspiration. emoryrat, has sowred 
aloft. entohoysiv, to discuss subtilely, to split hairs, 


“to distinguish and divide 
A hair ’twixt south and south-west side.” 


136 NOTES. 


otevoleczeiv, nearly the same as the last, to argue subtilely. 
Kai yrapdi. This line is supposed by Wieland to refer 
to the mantier in which Socrates was accustomed to manage 
his philosophical discussions with the aid of his celebrated 
irony (called by an old English writer dry mock), by which 
he opposed the opinions or maxims of the philosopners 
(yr@pacg) with doubts and questions (yr@pudiog), which, as 
it were, stuck them through. Strepsiades is so much excited 
by this new enthusiasm, that he longs to see the inspiring 
goddesses in bodily form. 

323. mpd¢ tiv Ilagryf’, towards Parnes, a mountain in 
Attica, in sight of the spectators at the theatre. It is situated 
northward from Athens, and now bears the name of Casha. 
The situation of the great Dionysiac theatre, as is well 
known, was at the south-east corner of the Acropolis. In a’ 
residence of some months at Athens, I was almost in the 
daily habit of visiting a spot, which suggested so many lit- 
erary and poetical reminiscences; and as I passed round the 
corner of the Acropolis, my eye always rested upon the dis- 
tant heights of Parnes. I seldom saw the summit without 
a mass of delicate, silvery clouds resting upon it, which 
brought to mind the beautiful choruses of this comedy. It 
is beyond a doubt, that this daily sight suggested to Aris- 
tophanes the airy graces, with which this piece abounds ; 
and as the actor spoke the words, he might behold from the 
extremity of the stage—the theatre being open to the sky — 
through the pure transparency of the Attic atmosphere, the 
floating vapors, easily transformed by the imagination into a 
band of lovely maidens, moving like goddesses down from 
the slopes of the mountain, and passing over the olive-cov- 
ered valley which lay between. See note to 809-313. 

824, 325. Xwgov0’.... micaywu. The editors have found 
some difficulty with this sentence on account of the repe- 
tition of the pronoun evra. Mitchell says, — “ Socrates is 
here to be considered as pointing out to Strepsiades the 





Bh TT a a 





NOTES. 137 


course which the clouds are taking; these coming through 
the hollows between two hills (oie) and shrubberies 
(Sacéu) ; those proceeding sideways (mdcyra), till he brings 
them to the stoodog, or place where the chorus entered the 
part of the theatre appropriated to them.” Bothe assigns 
part of the sentence to Strepsiades, altering the pronoun to 
avtai; so that Strepsiades is made to ask, Wége, mov, Seifor, 
yaoovo’ adrai; and remarks with regard to the common 
arrangement, “ Quid sibi velit bis positum, ava, nemo ex- 
putaverit.”. It seems to me the words will not bear the 
meaning put upon them by Mitchell. They clearly are 
not used by Socrates to indicate separate bodies of clouds 
approaching. There is no difficulty in supposing Socrates 
.to be watching their course, and pointing them out to 
Strepsiades as they move along; repeating the demonstra- 
tive pronoun (used, according to a very common idiom, ad- 
verbially), because Strepsiades, though looking hard, could 
not see them at first at all. According to this view, the 
common reading is the correct one, and its explanation 
natural and easy. ‘Translate, therefore, There they come, 
very many, through the hollows and the thickets ; (don’t you 
see?) “there, winding their way along. For the second 
avtat, see Soph. Gr. Gr., § 163, n. 2. 

325. Ti ro yojua; What’s the matter with me? 

326. Iluga tiv eicodor, By the entrance. The sicodog was 
a passage at the side of the theatre, leading into the orches- 
tra, through which the chorus having entered, arranged 
themselves for the choral chant and dance.—"Hédy.... 
ovtme, Ah, now I just see them, so. 

327. ef.... xohoxvvtag. The scholiast explains, — “ ei 
un djpwas eyes év roig OpOadpoig psychag wg xodoxvrtac * dijun 
5é ior tO menyyos Saéxovor,’ — unless you have rheum-drops 
tn your eyes as big as gourds. 

328. Ny ....xaréyovot. Bothe very unnecessarily as- 
signs the words zavta yap 75 xateyovor to Socrates, for the 

12* 


138 NOTES 


reason that “ Minus apte hee verba leguntur sub persona 
Strepsiadis, aspectu Nubium defixi; subjicit Socrates ratio- 
nem, cur jam fieri non possit, quin senex conspiciat Nubes.” 
But the words naturally belong to Strepsiades. Socrates 
has already told him that he cannot help seeing them, unless 
he is as blind as a bat; and Strepsiades replies, Yes, to be 
sure, and then breaks into a direct address to them,— O 
much honored Clouds! —to be sure I see them, for they fill 
up every thing. 

330. Ma Ai’. This form implies a negation, Wo, by 
Zeus. 

331-334. Ov....ovoomowvow. The poet is here ridi- 
culing the whole body of charlatans, in divination, medicine, 
music, and poetry. Aristophanes was a great conservative, 
and looked with the keenest contempt upon all the innova- 
tions which the fashions of his age were introducing to pop- 
ular favor. The vices of the sophists were pervading every 
department of Attic life and art. Pretended philosophers 
were teaching atheistic paradoxes; the authors of the cyclic 
choruses and the lyric poets generally were introducing a 
forced, quaint, and affected style, clothing commonplace or 
exaggerated thoughts in fantastic phraseology, like some of 
the .new-school poets of the present age; the musicians 
were throwing aside the severe and simple strains which 
braced up and strengthened the souls of the heroes who 
fought at Marathon, and substituting in their place an effem- 
inate and corrupting musical mannerism, under which the 
youth of Athens were becoming voluptuous and feeble; jug- 
glers and quacks of every description were pouring their 
debasing influences upon the democracy of Athens, under- 
mining the virtue of the people, and preparing them for the 
ruin which speedily overtook the state in the war with 
Sparta, and afterwards in the conflicts with Macedonia. 
Oovgiperrec, Thurian soothsayers. The poet alludes here 
to the Athenian colony sent out, B. c. 444, to settle near the 


gan. ee oe. Wen te a 


NOTES. — 139 


ancient Sybaris. The soothsayer Lampon was placed at 
‘the head of the expedition ; according to Diodorus, he was 
honored with the privilege of a seat.at the table of the Pry 
taneum, —“ éuye 38 xa tig év Tpvraveip owrjoews.” This 
privilege was granted only to the most distinguished men. 
It is this circumstance that gives a point to the poet’s satiri- 
cal allusion. éargoréyvasg, doctor-artists, quacks. Like Mo- 
liére, the most illustrious comic poet of modern times, Aris- 
tophanes seems to have had a great antipathy to medical 
men. He alludes in this passage, probably, to Hippocrates, 
to whom and to whose descendants the privilege of the Pry 
taneum was granted by the Athenians. ogoayiWorvyaoyo- 
xourntac. This amusing compound is thus explained in the 
Etymologicum Magnum:—“o6 éaros, naga "Agutopere* 
ad tov opoayis xa OvvE xai aoyos nal xOuy, Oiovet Os Peoet 
roves Saxtvdiovs peyou TOY Oviyer, xal OS aoyos éoTL xa KOM- 
aru.” A dissolute person, one who wears rings down to 
his finger-nails, is lazy, and has long hair. Voss made a 
German equivalent, Ringfingerigschlendergelockvolk, ring- 
Jingeredlazylonghairedfolk. Kvzliov te yooar. “ Circular 
dances, which on festive occasions were performed round the 
altar of a god with an accompaniment of song. As dances 
of this kind originally belonged to the Bacchic festival, the 
cyclic dance and the Bacchic dithyramb bear nearly the 
same meaning. Hence, xvxdudidaoxalos (Av. 1403), a poet 
who teaches his dithyrambic strains for some public exhibi- 
tion.” Mitchell. @ouaroxdunras, song-twisters. The poet 
designedly uses these sesquipedalian words to ridicule the 
pomp and unmeaning bombast of the fashionable style intro- 
duced by the dithyrambic composers. Voss remarks,— ~ 
“Their formerly simple, vigorous, choral style of music was 
lost in fustian and artificial flourishes.” He alludes specially 
to Cinesias, Philoxenus, and Cleomenes. petemgopevaxas, 
meteor-jugglers, or star-gazers. povoozowvew, celebrate in 
verse. This whole passage is a very ingenious satire upon 


140 NOTES. 


the absurdities introduced into music, poetry, and literary 
style in general, in the time of Aristophanes. A satirical 
poet of equal powers might find the materials for a similar 
comedy in the affectations which have of late been foisted 
upon the English language by the writings of a class of | 
whimsical and euphuistic authors who have met with some 
favor under the shelter of Mr. Carlyle’s example. 

331. Sqq. The classes of impostors mentioned here, and 
the still more numerous classes satirized in the Birds, show 
how easily imposed upon were the people of Athens, not- 
withstanding their general intellectual culture. In this, as 
in so many other respects, a parallel might be drawn be- 
tween the Athenian and the American people — especially 
the New Englanders. Among us there is a general activity 
of mind, which, while it has its great and undeniable advan- 
tages, has also its dark side. The active, excited state of 
mind, which now exists among the descendants of the Puri- 
tans, by no means necessarily implies the prevalence of a 
sound common sense. On the contrary, it lays whole classes 
of honest people open to the arts of the impostor in a pecul- 
iar degree. For this same excited condition of the mind, 
without careful training in the habit of rigid accuracy 
of observation, and the most truthful report of the things 
observed, is far from guarding us against all kinds of 
illusions of the senses; all kinds of false reasonings upon 
facts assumed without proof, and fatal errors on the most 
.important subjects. 

Ingenious as were the impostors in Athens, they never 
ventured on such a bold experiment with the popular ere- 
dulity as have the American Spiritualists. The writing. 
mediums, the trance mediums, the consulting mediums, whe 
have played so weird a game for several years past, with 
the weaknesses of men and women, find no representatives 
of their names in the copious vocabulary of imposture 
which Aristophanes wielded with such telling effect. Ludi- 


NOTES. 141 
erous as is the picture of the Phrontisterion exhibited in 
the Clouds, even the wit of Aristophanes cannot make it 
half so ridiculous as the session of a “circle” of Spiritual- 
ists round a table, while the long-legged and vulgar mysta- 
gogue passes drums, hand-bells, musical instruments, and 
other things equally wonderful, round the ring of weakling 
men and women, who surrender themselves, hand and foot, 
to the most puerile imposture that ever discredited the 
human mind. It needs a genius like that of Aristophanes 
to lash this modern folly and cheat, until men, women, and 
children shall be ashamed to acknowledge they were for a 
moment taken in by its shallow juggleries. 

The dithyrambic poets, parodied in the reply of Strep- 
siades, must have been a good deal like Mr. Thomas L. 
Harris, whose “ archetypal ideas,” we are told by the highest 
authority, “were internally inwrought by spiritual agency 
into the inmost mind of the medium, he having at that time 
passed into a spiritual or interior condition. From that 
time until the fourth of August, fed by continual influxes 
of celestial life, these archetypal ideas internally unfolded 
within his interior or spiritual self; until at length, having 
attained to their maturity, they descended into the externals 
of the mind, uttered themselves in speech, and were trans- 
cribed as spoken by the medium, he by spiritual agencies, 
being temporarily elevated to the spiritual degree of the 
mind for that purpose, and the external form being ren- 
dered quiet by a process which is analogous to physical 
death.” — 

‘Such was the origin of the “Lyric of the Morning 
Land.” I take, quite at random, a few lines from that im- 
mortal work, as the best possible illustration of the dithy- 
rambic spirit, which Aristophanes satirizes : — 


“TJ see a cataract of crimson fire, 
As if a world were melted into flame, 


142 ; NOTES. 


Poured from the hollow sky, 
Falling tumultuously, 
And spreading as it rolls, 
With music like the utterance of all souls 
Into ten thousand, thousand worlds again, 
And all the drops blown into fiery suns, 
And all the sparkles, whirling from the pyre 
Are planet-guided spheres and horizons.” 
Now, if the Athenian dithyrambists ever equalled the sub- 
limity of this passage, the fact has escaped my researches. 
335-339. Tavr’.... xyylav. The poet is here intro- 
ducing and ridiculing the twisted and forced expressions of 
some of the Doric dithyrambic poets. Twv7’, i. e. dua tavta, 
a common Atticism, For this reason. émoiovr, they poetized, 
in such language as follows:— vygav Negelav orgentayhav 
Sciov ooucar, the violent rush of the watery, lightning-whirling 
clouds. There is some dispute as to the meaning of ozge- 
ntoyhav; according to some it should be rendered light- 
turning, or light-obstructing, that is, darkening the light of 
the sun. Passow gives it the other meaning, and evidently 
makes it to agree with oguar; if so, it should be accented 
orpentatyhav. This was the understanding of the scholiast, 
and the reading is adopted by Bothe; and another scholiast, 
quoted by him, states that this reading was found in the 
older copies. But the reading in the text is mentioned by 
the scholiasts, and approved by Hermann, Invernizius, and 
Dindorf. The expressions in the following line are also 
quotations ; mdoxapoug, &c., the locks of the hundred-headed 
Typhon. ZEschylus (Prom. Vinct. 352-354) calls the same 
mythological monster 
“ daiov répag, 


‘Exaroyxapnvov ° 
Tvgdva doipov, maow d¢ habe bcote.” 


monwawovous té Ovédhas, the hotly blowing tempests. In the 
following line there is some question what the feminine 


cota 


NOTES. - 143 


adjectives, depiag, Stegcéc, belong to. Mitchell points the line 
so as to make these two words a separate quotation, aerial 
fluid. Kuster says, — “sed non multum nobis laborandum 
puto de dxodoviie et sensu totius loci hujus, quippe quem 
poeta ex vocibus et phrasibus dithyrambicis, hine inde 
sumptis, contexerit, ut indicaret canora et tumida Dithyram- 
bicorum carmina sepe sensu et connexione carere.” Upon 
which an excellent judge of the comic style remarks, — 
“ Kuster is right. The comedian is quoting from the lyric 
poets without intending to favor us with any sense.” Some 
refer these words to Negédag. Others, as Brunck, Her- 
mann, Schiitz, and Bothe, read aegiove diegovc, making them 
agree with oiwvovs. In the one case, the line is to be trans- 
lated, Then the aerial, liquid (clouds), the crooked-clawed, 
air-swimming birds. In the other, applying all the epithets 
to birds, The aerial, liquid, crooked-clawed, air-swimming 
birds. The next quotation is “OuBoovg.... Negedav, The 
showers of waters from the dewy clouds. 'The conclusion 
shows how the clouds supported all these characters. Then, 


- tn return for these things, they gulped down slices of excel- 


lent large mullets, and the bird-flesh of thrushes. Mitchell 
says, —“ This verse is evidently a quotation from some 
Doric poet, not improbably Epicharmus, whose dramas are 
continually cited by Athenzus for articles of food, more 
particularly his ‘T@ xei Ouddéooy, and his ‘ Hebes Nuptia. 
A scholiast says that the whole passage refers to the 
dithyrambic poets, who were feasted by the Choregi (i. e. 
those who defrayed the expense of the entertainment,) and 
those who supped in the Prytaneum.” 

340. Ai... . dixaiwg; An elliptical sentence ; literally, 
And on their account not justly? that is, as explained by a 
scholiast, Were they not justly held worthy of this honor and 
of these feasts, on account of what they had written about the 
clouds? Seager, however, divides the line differently, Au 
uertor TAOS * ovyi Sixaing ; It is indeed on their account; 


144 se NOTES. 


and is tt not justly? — vi nabovou is an idiomatic expres- 
sion, like ti éywvr, ti abo, literally, having experiencea 
what? that is, how ws tt that? 

342. éxeivas, they, that is, the clouds in the sky. 

343. eiSaow, for éoixacw, resemble. — épioow mentopEevowwy, 
spread fleeces, perf. pass. of metaryums. 

344. avra.... éyovow, but these have noses. “The 
chorus of Clouds have entered wearing masks with large 
noses,” says a scholiast. ‘This would be necessary, to make 
them appear of just proportion to the more distant spectators, 
while to Strepsiades they would seem to be huge protuber- 
ances. 

The passage commencing with 1. 346 will remind the 
reader of the dialogue between Hamlet and Polonius. 


“ Hamlet. Do you see yonder cloud, that’s almost in shape of a 
camel ? 

“ Polonius. By the mass, and ’t is like a camel indeed. 

“ Ham. Methinks it is like a weasel. 

“ Pol. It is backed like a weasel. 

“ Ham. Or like a whale. 

“Pol. Very like a whale.” 


349. "Ayowr.... tovrar, A wild one of these shaggy fel- 
lows. The word &ygwog is often used in the sense of debauched, : 
licentious, just as in English we call a rakish person a wild 
fellow. According to a scholiast, the son of Xenophantes ~ 
here alluded to was Hieronymus, a dithyrambic poet. The 
clouds are represented as likening themselves to centaurs, in 
derision of these shaggy gentlemen. 

351. Liuwva. Of the Simon here spoken of a scholiast 
says, — “ He was a sophist of that time, and somewhat dis- 
tinguished in public affairs. Eupolis mentioned him also in 
his “ Cities,” and charged him with the same crimes in these 
words, — “ He pilfered money from Heraclea.” 

353. Tair, i.e. Ju tavta. The Cleonymus here sati- 
rized was frequently made the butt of the comic poets fo~ 


| NOTES. 3 145 


his cowardice, and for having thrown away his shield in bat- 
tle. This of course rendered him infamous. 

355. KiewOevn. The Clisthenes here spoken of was a 
noted debauchee of the times, and is elsewhere ridiculed by 
Aristophanes. 

356-359. Xaipere.... yoryte. The clouds have now 
arranged themselves, and Strepsiades, as if again inspired, 
addresses them in a very lofty style. They reply first to 
him, and then turn to Socrates again. And thou, too, priest 
of subtlest trifles, say, what wouldst thou with us now ? 

361. Ipodixqm. A philosopher from Ceos, and a contem- 
porary of Socrates. He is mentioned in the “ Birds,” and 
in a fragment of the “Tageniste.” He is spoken of as 
charging an enormous price for his instruction. 

362, 363. “Ow... . ceuvompoowmeig. “In Symposio Pla- 
tonis, ubi Alcibiades narrat qualem se Socrates militie ges- 
serit et quomodo, ceteris Atheniensibus, quum apud Delium 
victi essent, fugientibus, ipse recesserit, ad Comicum nos- 
trum, qui in illo convivio aderat, se convertens Alcibiades 
dicit: ézera guouye exe, © "Agustéqaves, 10 cov dy TOvTO, 
nat exer SuamtogevecOar womeg uavOade, BoevOvouerog xai to 
Oglalus nagapadior, magnifice inambulans et oculos hue 
illue circumferens.” Bergler. This is the passage to which 
Mitchell alludes: —“ This description of his great master’s 
exterior (done, no doubt, to the life) did not escape Plato, 
but he adverts to it with the utmost good-humor.” fger6v- 
ove means to demean one’s self proudly and haughtily, to 
throw the breast forward, to strut. tagdaluo napapaddes. 
“ Male interpres, circumfersque oculos. Sensus est, obliguis 
oculis alios intueris; more scilicet hominum superborum, 
qui recto vultu aliquem aspicere dedignantur.” Kuster. A 
scholiast says, — “It is a characteristic of the haughty not 
to keep their look fixed upon the same point, but to move it 
up and down, and to turn it hither and thither.” Upon the 
babits of Socrates, Mitchell thus comments :— “If any man 

13 


146 NOTES. 


in Athens had by his prodigious talents the power of placing 
at his feet the wealth, the honors, and the pleasures of that 
clever but giddy metropolis, it was unquestionably the son 
of Sophroniscus ; but, from the commencement of his ca- 
reer, he had evidently determined that it should be other- 
wise. Unlike the fashionable and grasping sophists, he had 
- resolved that all his instructions should be almost, if not en- 
tirely, gratuitous; unlike them, instead of carrying philoso- 
phy into the mansions of the wealthy, he had determined to 
carry it among artisans and laborers, — into shops and hov- 
els, — into the agora and the palestra,— at all hours and 
all seasons. And how was he to be supported in an enter- 
prise at once so new and so laborious? Pay he would not 
receive, — private fortune he had none; his only resource 
was to make himself independent of circumstances, by 
adopting the mode of life described in the text; and this he 
did cheerfully and unflinchingly. And what was the result ? 
Such blessings as all the treasures of the bloated sophists 
could not have purchased, — a frame of body which disease 
never reached, and a tone of mind superior alike to the 
fear of man and the fear of death.” “xag nui ceuvomgo- 
owmeic, et nobis fretus supercilium tollis; vel gravitatem 
quamdam et fastosum vultum pre te fers.” — Kuster. 

364. tov POE patos, genitive of exclamation. 

367. [od uy Anonons. So all the MSS. Most ihoderh 
editions have Aygyjuerg by emendation. See note on vs. 296 
in Appendix. ] 

368. %uoy’, the emphatic form of the personal pronoun. 

369. Avror 57 mov, These, to be sure. For the force of 
the particles, see Kiihner, Gr. Gr., § 315, 2. 

370. Dips .... tebéacu; Come, where have you ever 
seen tt raining without clouds? The use of vei, it rains, is 
a singular idiom of the Greek. Though translated as an 
impersonal verb, it is not strictly one, but agrees with 0 Gedg 
or 6 Zevg understood, as is shown by the masculine form, 


NOTES. 147 


‘when the participle is used. The phrase itself seems to 
contradict the atheistical doctrine which the poet represents 
Socrates as teaching to his new disciple. 

371. aifgiag (ovens understood), in fuir weather. For 
‘construction, see Soph. Gr. Gr., § 196. 

375. wo marta od tohuar; you all-daring man. Wolf 
translates this by an epithet applied to the philosopher 
Kant by Moses Mendelsohn,— Du, Alleszermalmer, thou 
all-crusher. 

379. wore péoecOa; For the construction of ooze with 
the infinitive, see Kiihner, Gr. Gr., § 306, R. 3. 

380. ivog ; Mitchell quotes from Siivern the following 
passage : —“ One of the most prominent cosmogonical doc- 
trines attributed by Aristophanes to the master of the 
Phrontisterium is that which describes the whirlwind god, 
Aivos, by whom, as the sovereign ruler of the world, Zeus 
and the other gods are displaced. One of the scholiasts ob- 
serves, that this is borrowed from Anaxagoras. Wieland 
finds fault with that notion, and remarks, on the contrary, 
that the doctrine arose out of the school of Democritus, and 
may have been brought to Athens by his disciple Prota- 
goras. But the dio or divas of Anaxagoras were very 
different from those of Democritus. According to the sys- 
tem of the former, they came into being at the moment 
when Intelligence (ovg) had given life and motion to mat- 
ter, which was originally without motion; but, according to 
Democritus, they were themselves the originals of all things, 
and bodies were formed by the chance collision of the 
atoms contained in them. Now it might be said that a pre- 
cise distinction of these two vortex-systems was no business 
of the poet’s, particularly as Anaxagoras himself, by not 
defining the further operation of the Movs, or Intelligence, 
by means of these vortices, had left it undecided whether 
the former or the latter, the Movs or the vortices, predom- 
inated in the formation of the world. But the 4ivog of the 


148 NOTES. 


Clouds is brought forward by the circumstance, that he was 
said to have displaced Zeus, and that Anaxagoras was ac- 
cused of céo¢Bew, for having transformed the gods into alle- 
gories, and for having given an earthly existence to the 
heavenly bodies which had been held to be gods; here there 
is evidently an allusion to Anaxagoras.” 

380, 881. rovri .... Baowedor, literally, this had been 
unknown to me, Zeus being no more, but Dinos reigning in 
his place. The last part is put grammatically in apposition 
with zovrt. The common construction would have been the 
accusative before the infinitive, or Zevg nominative to é1ed7Oy 
_ (pluperfect of 2arAcvw), followed by oy. 

885. *An0.... diam, I'll teach you from your own ex- 
ample. ‘The poet is ridiculing the Socratic method of argu- 
ing with examples taken from common life. 

386. Comov.... gumdyobeic, filled with soup at the Pan- 
athenate festival. The Panathenza was the most noted of 
all the Attic festivals. For a minute account of it, see 
Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiq., Art. Pan- 
athenzea. Upon this passage a scholiast observes, that at 
this time all the cities that had been founded by Athens sent 
an ox to be sacrificed, whence it came to pass that there 
was a.great abundance of beef, and people ate more than 
they ought. Wheelwright (Comedies of Aristophanes, Vol. 
IL, p. 83) illustrates this scene by the following lines from 
Shakspeare, Henry IV., P. I, Act 3, Sc. 1: — 


‘* Diseased nature oftentimes breaks forth 
In strange eruptions; oft the teeming earth 
Is with a kind of colic pinched and vexed 
By the imprisoning of unruly wind 
Within her womb,” etc. 


898. Kooview Ofer, smelling of Cronian things ; that is, 
musty, old-fashioned, old as Cronos, old as the hills. — Bex- 
xecédyve. This word refers to the story told in Herodotus 
of two infants being shut up and kept out of the sound of 


NOTES. | 149 


human language, for the purpose of ascertaining what is the 
oldest dialect. The first word they uttered was fexog, the 
Phrygian word for bread. The last part of the compound 
refers to the opinion of the Arcadians that their nation was 
older than the moon. The whole word, therefore, means 
antiquated, musty, before the flood, antediluvian. 

400. Owgory. Theorus is mentioned also in the Achar- 
nians and Wasps. He was the object of satire as a flatterer, 
and in his place figures as a perjurer. 

401. Sovrwy.... -Adyviwv. These words are a quota- 
tion from Homer’s Odyssey, III. 278: — 


"AYN bre Lobvuov lpdv agixdueW’, dxpov ’AYnvéEwr. 


Sunium is the name of a well-known promontory of Attica. 

402. ti uabor; having learned what? that is, upon what 
principle does he do this? Some read ti macy; an idiom 
already explained ; how is tt that he does it? what possesses 
him to do this? There is no material difference of sense. 
See note to 1. 340. 

408. Ny 4?;.... Aucioww, By Zeus, I met with just the 
same thing at the Diasian feast. The Diasia was an ancient 
festival in honor of Zevg Methiywg, celebrated in the last 
third of the month Anthesterion by all the citizens, with 
offerings of cattle, fruits, or cakes made into the shape of 
animals, according to the circumstances of the individual. 
See Smith’s Dict. of Gr. and Rom. Antiq. 

409. "Qurov.... dpeljoag, I was cooking a pudding for 
my kinsfolk, and neglected to cut it open. The yaorio of the 
ancient cookery was a sort of pudding or haggis. Dr. 
Johnson thus defines the haggis: —“ A mess of meat, gen- 
erally pork, chopped and inclosed in a membrane. In 
Scotland it is commonly made in a sheep’s maw, of the en- 
trails of the same animal cut small with suet and spices.” 
Jn German it is called Magenwurst, stomach-sausage. 

417. nai tov Kev cvortor. avdyzog is often used in the 

15* 


150 NOTES. 


sense of lascivious, licentious, and some understand it so 
here. But its more general meaning agrees better with the 
connection of the passage. Translate, and other follies, 
With regard to the habits described in the preceding lines, 
see above. The philosopher Protagoras is said by Plotinus 
to have remained in the same position three days and two 
nights without eating or drinking. Similar things are re- 
lated of ancient Indian philosophers, and are not unknown 
among them at the present day. “It smells,’ says Bothe, 
“of the pseudo-philosophic squalor, which even commands 
abstinence from the gymnasia.” 

420-422. *AlV.... magéyowr &», But so far as concerns 
a firm soul, and sleep-disturbing care, and a sparing, hard- 
living, savory-supping belly, don’t trouble yourself; for as to 
these things, I'll give you leave to hammer upon me as much 
as you please. éniyadxevew is a proverbial expression, as 
Wolf says, like the German, for a man who submits to any 
thing, “Er lisst auf sich schmieden,” He lets them hammer 
upon him. 

424. To....tavti; This Chaos, and the Clouds, and the 
Tongue, these three. Chaos here means the expanse of the 
ether. The three divinities of the comic Socrates, then, are 
Ether, the Clouds, and the Tongue. “In all places of public 
resort in Athens,” says Mitchell, “wherever some half- 
dozen persons were collected together, there Socrates was 
to be found, putting or answering questions. On this prac- 
tice the duties of the ecclesia and the law-courts, which 
occupied so much of the time of other citizens, formed no 
drawback; for Socrates attended neither. He even ab- 
stained from what might have been still more naturally 
expected of him, that of committing his discourses to writ- 
ing..... In written communication, as the best exposition 
of his system has been explained, an uncertainty always 
attaches as to whether the mind of the reader has spontane- 
ously conformed to such communication, and in reality ap- 


NOTES. 151 


propriated it to itself, or whether, with the mere ocular 
apprehension of the words and letters, a vain conceit is 
excited in the mind that it understands what it does not un- 
derstand; on the contrary, a sentence orally delivered may 
always be supported, as Plato observes, by its father, and 
receive his protection, and that not only against the objec- 
tions of one who thinks otherwise, but also against the 
intellectual stubbornness of one as. yet ignorant, while the 
written sentence has no answer to make to any further in- 
guiries. It is evidently, therefore, not without reason that 
the Tongue is ranked by Aristophanes among the divinities 
of Socrates.” 

430. Tav.... dquotor, That I may be the best of all the 
Greeks in speaking, by a hundred stadia, or, That I may go 
a hundred stadia beyond all the Greeks in speaking. In the 
Frogs occurs a similar ludicrous expression, “ Evgutidou 
aheiv 7 oradicy Ladiotega, More than a stadium more loqua- 
etous than Euripides.” 

431, 432. wore... . av, so that from this time henceforth 
no man shall carry more points before the people than you. 
yvoun, in the popular assembly, an opinion, a resolution, or 
proposition. vixgy is constructed with the accusative of all 
such words as yrouy and wygioua, signifying to get them 
earried or passed. Soph. Gr. Gr., § 184, N. 1. 

433, 434. My.... dwiobeiv. Strepsiades does not care 
about the public affairs. He does not wish to become an 
orator, and to cheat the ecclesia, — which was what the dis- 
ciples of the sophists generally aimed at, — but only to twist 
the proceedings of the courts of law so as to slip out of the 
clutches of his creditors. This is the art he would learn 
from Socrates. yrwmag peydlas, great counsels, or public 
harangues, popular measures. 

435. yeyéhow. The Chorus uses this word, making a 
passing allusion to weydédac, just preceding. 

Strepsiades now intrusts himself to the hands of the ate 


182F- : NOTES. 


tendants, urged to this final commitment of himself by the 
recollection of the koppa-horses and his Cosyrafied wife. 
He is instantly seized with another fit of inspiration, which 
shows that he has not become a convert to the Tongue- 
divinity in vain. It is difficult for any modern language to 
keep pace with the volubility of the Greek, as its comic 
slang comes from the lips of Strepsiades. 

439. yorobor, for yejxo0mouy, let them use, let them do with 
me what they please. 

441. Ilagéyo tvntew. The idiom is the same as in Eng- 
lish, I give them my body to beat. 

442. doxov Saigew, to curry for leather. For the con- 
struction, see Soph. Gr. Gr., § 185. 

445-451. Ogaove, impudent. — evyhattoc, nimble-tongued. 
— tolunoos, audacious. — its, from sip, one who is ready 
to go all lengths, reckless. — Bdehveos, shameless. — wevdory. 
ovyxokiytis, gluer of lies, falsehood-tinker. — evgnownis, 
word-finder. — regitoyipa diner, one experienced in lawsuits, 
a pettifogger, a dabbler in the law. — xvofic, properly a tri- 
angular, pyramidal column, on which laws were published, 
a law-column, or, in modern phraseology, a code ; the spirit 
of it may be given by the phrase, a walking code, or a liv- 
ing law-book. — xpotaior, a rattle. — xivadog, a fox; it is 
unnecessary to remind the reader, that that great luminary 
of the law, the father of Mr. Samson and Miss Sally Brass, 
was called Foxey, which is an exact equivalent of the pres- 
ent Greek word. — tevpy, properly, a hole worn through any 
thing ; here it means nearly the same as megizgimpo, a cun- 
ning fellow, a sharper.—pcdob)yg, a pliant thong, hence, a 
sly-boots, a leathery chap. — sigur, a dissembler, a quizzer.— 
yhows, properly the oil used in the palestras and baths; of 
course it means here a smooth, slippery fellow; the readers 
of “Ten Thousand a Year” will remember the significant 
name of Oily Gammon, Esq.— adatoiv, a braggadocio.— 
nevtgar, a rogue who bears the marks of the xévtgov, a stape- 


NOTES. 153 


gallows. — puapds, a reprobate. — orpdgis, a wriggler.— 
agyakéog, a hard character, in the cant of the day, a hard 
customer. — wattvodoryog, compounded of parrva, a dish of 
poultry dressed with herbs, and deizo, to lick, a lick-spit ; it 
implies greediness and impudence. According to Schiitz, it 
means an impudent fellow, who partakes of the feast with- 
out paying scot. 
453. Aoodrrar, Attic for Apatwcay. 
455. yoodir, a sausage, or roasted entrails, such as made 
a part of the Homeric feasts, and is not unknown at the 
present day at the tables of the Klephts, those modern rep 
_resentatives of the Homeric chiefs and heroes. Mr. Urqu- 
hart, ia his entertaining book on the East, had the honor of 
partaking of a feast with a noted Klepht, Captain Demos, 
which would have been highly relished by Ajax or Achilles. 
“A small round table was brought in and set upon the 
ground, and the guests hurtled round it as close as they 
could. .... Presently a Palicar came running with a 
ramrod, on which had been entwined the choice entrails of 
the sheep, hot and fizzing from the fire, and, running round 
the table, discharged about the length of a cartridge of the 
garnishing of the ramrod on the bread before each guest.” 
The rest of the feast was equally classical. Captain Demos 
by “a single blow then severed the spine, and the weapon, 
passing between the ribs, separated in an instant the animal 
into two parts. Two ribs, with the vertebrae attached to 
them, were then separated, and also placed before me. 
This is the mode by which honor is shown to a guest; and, 
no doubt, in the selfsame manner did Achilles lay before 
Ulysses the sacred chine.”— Vol. I. p. 270. To the expe- 
rience of Mr. Urquhart, I may add my own. It was my 
good fortune in 1853 to partake of a Klephtic entertain- 
ment at Thermopyle, with ten or a dozen men, some of 
whom had been Klephts on Mt. Olympus in the war of the 
Greek Revolution. After the feast, they sang a number 


154 NOTES. 


of Klephtic songs, with great spirit. The whole speech 
of Strepsiades applies admirably to the ancient demagogue, 
but its application is by no means confined to the “fierce 
democratie” of Athens. 

470-475. Boviopévovg.... cov. There isa difficulty in 
the construction of this sentence. Mitchell, quoting from 
another, translates, Worth many talents to your mind, i. e. 
(by a complimentary periphrasis) Zo you, matters that will 
bring you in many talents. Brunck renders, “ Atque com- 
municare tue solertiz negotia et lites multis talentis esti- 
matas, de quibus consultabunt tecum.” Schiitz says, — 
“ Tlodypare xevtyeapeas, intelligendum in causis publicis de 
accusatoris et defensoris libellis, in privatis autem litibus de 
petitoris et ejus unde petitur actionibus et exceptionibus. 
molov takervtoy sunt qui cum &£a construant. Ego vero 
malim cum Berglero, cui nuper etiam Wolfius obsecutus 
est, aa cum of pgert conjungere. Sie in Acharn. 8 avy 
ti Eda81, ib. 204, ry mode yee a&iwr. Totam igitur Chori 
sententiam sie reddiderim: ta ut multi ganuam tuam sem- 
per obsideant, tecum communicare et colloqui volentes, ac 
vel de publicis causis vel de civilibus actionibus, multorum 
talentorum negotiis dignis, in quibus ingenium tuum exer- 
ceas, tecum deliberare, te consulere cupientes.” ‘Translate 
modkypura xarriyoapac, suits or actions, and defences or rep- 
lications ; molar tadartwr, of many talents, that is, involv- 
ing many talents; ava of peeri, i. e. Siac, as is suitable to 
your genius, or worth while for your abilities. Mr. Wheel- 
wright interprets it thus : — 

“How many will continual session keep, 
All anxious to consult and get a word 
Upon their cases and the issues joined 
Worth many a talent’s fee, for thy opinion.” 

A76. ?Alz, x. t. 2. The Chorus turns to Socrates. 

477. Svaxives, stir up. Socrates now proceeds to test the 
eld man’s intellectual properties. 


NOTES. : 155 


478-481. "Aye .... Gear; Socrates wishes to know 
something about the character of Strepsiades, that he may 
proceed to apply new arts, or contrivances, to unfold the 
philosophical element, if there be any in his character. 
But the word pyyary means also an engine of war, and 
mpoogpéow, to apply, also signifies to bring up (the engines) 
against. Strepsiades understood Socrates in the latter 
sense, and replies, “ But what! do you mean to batter me 
like a walled town?” 

487. dAgyew.... %. Some of the commentators, think- 
ing the joke here is not good enough for Aristophanes, have 
proposed to read amoléyew for dootegeiv, making a contrast 
between A¢yew and esodéyew, like that between to say and to 
unsay. The meaning is, J have not eloquence by nature, but 
J have (the most important element in the character of the 
demagogue and sophist) an abstracting disposition. Wie- 
land translates, —“ Socr. Bist du zum reden von Natur 
geschickt? Streps. Zum reden nicht; doch desto mehr 
zum rapsen.” The point may be retained thus :— 


Socrates. Hast thou by nature got the gift o’ the gab? 
Strepsiades. ‘That’s not my gift; my nature is to grab. 


489, 490. “Aye.... vgagndoe. Socrates again uses lan- 
guage liable to be misunderstood by a rustic like Strep- 
siades. 2gofaiio has the double meaning of to throw before 
or to, as to throw to a dog, and to propound. wpagaate has 
the corresponding double meaning of to snatch up, like a 
dog snatching a morsel from his master’s hand, and to ap- 
prehend quickly. It is unnecessary to remark, that Strep- 
siades understands both words in the physical sense. For 
omg with indie. fut., see Kiihner, Gr. Gr., § 830, R. 4. 

491. Ti dai; The particle dai gives a tone of surprise to 
the question, What now! or Hey-day! See Kiihner, Gr 
Gr., § 316, 7. 

495, 496. Kéned .... diafopou. “The plaintiff sum 


156 NOTES. 


moned the defendant to appear..... The summons was 
given in the presence of one or more witnesses. Arrest 
was not allowed in civil actions, except in the case of for 
eigners who might suddenly quit the city. The defendant 
could not appear by attorney, nor was appearance a mere 
form, as with us, by entry in a court book. He was obliged 
to attend in person before the archon to answer the charge 
made against him. If he did not attend, and the plaintiff 
could prove that he had been duly summoned, he suffered 
judgment by default, gojuyy wie.” Kennedy’s Demos- 
thenes, pp. 146, 147. éaipogrvgouat refers to the first step, 
the calling of witnesses to be present at the summons, and 
dixafoucs to the actual commencing of the action before the 
magistrate or in court. 

497. xarabov Ooipetior, put down your cloak. Tiither 
Socrates alludes to some of the ceremonies of initiation 
into the Mysteries, or he means to reduce Strepsiades to the 
condition of the other disciples in the Phrontistery, who 
were not allowed to wear the inary, but only the short 
philosophic cloak, and who went barefoot. One explana- 
tion, also, is, that Socrates wanted his pupil to lay aside his 
cloak, that he might get possession of it for his own pur- 
poses, — as Mr. Squeers appropriated to the use of Master 
Wackford the shoes and jackets that were sent up to York- 
shire for the benefit of the scholars at Dotheboys Hall. — 
*Hbixyxe tm; Strepsiades, misunderstanding the object of 
his master’s direction, can think of no other reason for 
throwing off his cloak except to receive a thrashing. He 
asks, therefore, Have I done any wrong ? 

498. alla... . vomilercu, but it is the custom to enter un- 
cloaked. yvyvdg means frequently, not naked, but only with- 
out the upper robe. Sophocles is described by Athenzus 
(Lib. I. 20, e) as dancing round the trophy, after the sea- 
fight of Salamis, yuprdg, that is, with only the yr or close 
fitting tunic on. 


NOTES. 157 


499. "41? .. . . eiogoyouon, But Pm not going in to 
search the house for stolen goods. Upon this the scholiast 
remarks, — It was the custom for persons, entering any- 
body’s house for the purpose of searching, to go in un- 
cloaked (yvuvove), to prevent their hiding any thing they 
found under their own cloaks, or the cloak of another, to 
get him into trouble.” 

503. ti gvow. Socrates means in character ; Sircg 
siades understands him, in figure. 

505. Ov wy. The negative with the future indicative, 
used interrogatively to express a command. For two nega- 
tives, see Kiihner, Gr. Gr., § 255, 4, with the examples. 

506. “dvvcag tm. An Attic idiom, meaning quickly, 
nimbly. 

507. pelitovtrar, the honeyed cake. 

508. woneg sig Toopoviov, as if to the cave of Tropho- 
nius ; alluding to the famous cave and oracle of Tropho- 
nius, at Lebadea in Beotia. A scholiast, after describing 
some of the ceremonies performed by those who visited the 
cave, adds, “ And as they are met by demons, and serpents, 
and other reptiles, they carry cakes which they throw to 
them.” Wordsworth (Pictorial Greece, pp. 24, 25) says, — 
“ Before it [the stream Hercyna] arrives at the city of Leb- 
adea, it passes through a dark and rocky ravine, which 
seems to recommend itself by the gloominess of its groves, 
and the frowning heights of the crags which overshadow it, 
as a place peculiarly favorable for the exercise of the influ- 
ence of a mysterious and awful mythology. As such it was 
chosen for the seat of the oracle of the Beeotian hero, Tro- 
phonius. He delivered his responses to the inquirer at his 
shrine, in the hall of a dark, subterranean cave, which was 
on the left side of this stream, and beneath these lofty rocks. 
Thither the worshipper descended, after having undergone 
a rigid discipline of religious preparation, under circum- 
stances well fitted to inspire him with that devotional dread 

14 


158 NOTES. 


which was necessary to render him a fit object for the recep- 
tion of the oracular influence supplied to his imagination 
by the strange sights, and mysterious voices, and unearthly 
terrors of this dark place.” 

The place where the Hercyna emerges from the rocky 
gorges, is one of the wildest in Greece: but the precise posi- 
tion of the cave of Trophonius cannot now be ascertained ; 
the whole region is well suited to the performance of mys- 
terious and terrific rites. 

Strepsiades is still reluctant to enter the subterranean 
abode of the philosophers. Socrates urges him forward, 
and the Chorus strike in, bidding him god-speed. 

509. ti... . ov, an idiom already explained, why, how, 
or what is the matter with you that? See note to 1. 340 
and 1. 402. “Strepsiades advances to the steps, looks down, 
and draws back. The hard faces of his usurious creditors, 
however, meet him on his return, and he advances again to 
the little mansion, ducks his head, and is again withdrawing, 
when Socrates, taking him by the neck, pushes him down.” 
— Mitchell. 

518, seqq. This passage forms what is technically called 
a parabasis, that is, the Chorus come forward, during a 
pause in the action of the piece, and address the spectators 
directly, in the name of the poet, upon any subject which 
may or may not be connected with the passing drama. 
“ Sometimes,” says Schlegel, “he [the poet] enlarges on his 
own merits, and ridicules the pretensions of his rivals; at 
other times he avails himself of his rights as an Athenian 
citizen, to deliver, in every assembly of the people, propo- 
sals of a serious or ludicrous nature for the public good. 
The parabasis may, strictly speaking, be considered as 
repugnant to the essence of dramatic representation ; for in 
the drama the poet should disappear behind the characters ; 
and these characters ought to discourse and act as if they 
were alone, and without any perceptible reference to the 


— 


NOTES. 159 


spectators. All tragical impressions are, therefore, by such 
intermixtures infallibly destroyed ; but these intentional in- 
terruptions or intermezzos, though even more serious in 
themselves than the subject of the representation, are hailed 
with welcome in the comic tone, as we are then unwilling to 
submit to the constraint of an employment of the mind, 
which, by continuance, assumes the appearance of labor. 
The parabasis may have owed its invention partly to the 
cireumstance of the comic poets not having such ample 
materials as the tragic, to fill up the intervals of the action, 
when the stage was empty, by affecting and inspired poetry. 
But it is consistent with the essence of the old comedy, 
where not merely the subject, but the whole action, was 
sportive and jocular. The unlimited dominion of fun is evi- 
dent even in this, that the dramatic form itself is not seri- 
ously adhered to, and that its laws are often suspended; as 
in a droll disguise we sometimes venture to lay aside the 
mask.” 

This parabasis is valuable for the information it gives us, 
direetly or indirectly, not only upon the early dramatic 
career of Aristophanes, but upon the early history of Greek 
Comedy in general. It is also remarkable for the manner 
in which the Chorus, giving utterance to strains of high 
lyric poetry, return from the comic play to the more serious 
purposes for which the Chorus was commonly used. 

519. tov éxOoewarta pe. The poet speaks of Dionysus 
having nurtured him, because the dramatic contests took 
place at the Dionysiac festival, and Aristophanes had been 
from his early youth a cultivator of the dramatic art. 

520. mxyjooml.... vomtoiunr. The different tenses of 
the verbs here in the optative offer a good illustration of the 
fundamental difference between the aorist and present in the 
oblique moods generally. By a well-known idiom, admira- 
bly explained by Kiihner, Gr. Gr., § 256, 4, (b), the aorist 
is sometimes used in a frequentative or habitual sense. It 


160 NOTES. 


describes, however, not only what is habitual, but what uni- 
versally and necessarily happens. To borrow the words of 
another, —“ The famous passage from the beginning of 
Longinus furnishes one of the best instances of this pecu 
liarity : ‘"Ywog d¢ mov xaigiog eevexOiv ravra. Sixny oxyrtcov 
Scegoonoer, The sublime, when seasonably introduced, like 
a thunderbolt, SCATTERS or DISPERSES every thing before it. 
That is, it does so in every instance. Whenever the cause, 
then. instantaneously the effect. It never fails in any one 
single case. Thus this instantaneous, unfailing effect in every 
or any one single operation most admirably and intensely 
represents the general unfailing property, or what is always 
true of any thing or any power at any or every mo- 
ment in which it acts; whilst at the same time the radical 
idea of the aorist as momentary, or without any reference 
in itself to continuity of time, is most strikingly pre- 
served.” 

This idiom doubtless originated in the peculiar vivacity 
of the Hellenic mode of conceiving of actions and events, 
Instead of stating a thing as frequently, or habitually, or 
necessarily happening, the Greek often pictures to himself 
a single instance, describes it as actually finished, and lets it 
stand for the whole idea. This may be well illustrated by 
the following lines from Homer, II. III. 33-35 : — 


"Qe 0 bre ric te Spaxovta lddv mahivopoog dméoty 
Odpeog év Bhoone, tnd te Tpopog EAAaBe yvia, 
"Ap 7 Gvexopyaer, axpos té pw Eelde mapetag* 


As when a man, having seen a serpent, springing back, stands off, (or 
recoils), 

In the gorges of a mountain, and tremor takes hold of his limbs, 

And he goes back again, and paleness. seizes on his cheeks. 


The poet is here comparing the terror of Paris at the sight 
of Menelaus to the fright of a traveller who suddenly comes 
upon a serpent in a mountain-pass ; but while picturing to 


Ni 


“NOTES. 161 


himself the scene, he makes it a reality, and tells the story 
as if he had witnessed it with his own eyes: the traveller 
recoiled from the serpent; the tremor took hold of his 
limbs; he went back, and paleness setzed on his cheeks. 

The picturesque mode of describing here illustrated finally 
became an established idiom of the language, called the 


_ use of the aorist (and sometimes the perfect) in a frequenta- 


tive or habitual sense; a sense radically different from that 
of the continuous, frequentative, or habitual present, though 
both are often translated in the same way, on account of 
the less plastic and imaginative forms of the modern lan- 
guages. 

It is quite obvious from the foregoing analysis, that the 
idiom in question cannot extend to the oblique moods, the 
fundamental conception being of an event that has actually 
happened, without dependence, condition, or contingency ; 
and the continued, or habitual, or necessary recurrence of 
the event being an induction, as it were, from the single 
instance actually expressed by the tense. In the oblique > 
moods the aorist always signifies momentary or completed 
action, and the present tense implies duration of time, or 
habitual or frequent action. This distinction between the 
indicative and the other moods in regard to the frequenta- 
tive aorist is taken for granted, though not stated in express 
terms, by most of the grammarians. See Buttmann, pp. 
379-383 ; Matthie, pp. 842-846; Kiihner, pp. 344-346; 
Soph. Gr. Gr., § 211, n. 2. 

But the limitation is pointedly recognized by Madvig in 
kis Greek Syntax (Syntax der Griechischen Sprache be- 
sonders der Attischen Sprachform, von Dr. J. N. Madvig, 
1847). In treating the Moods, Madvig gives first a general 
description of each, and under that head, in every case, ex- 
plains with singular clearness and precision the fundamental 
idea and idiomatic usages of each tense. The frequentative 
aorist 1s limited to the indicative mood ; his peculiar arrange. 

14* 


162 NOTES. 


ment making it necessary distinctly to recognize the limita- 
tion of the usage, by placing it under the indicative, where 
it belongs by the laws of thought, and omitting it where it 
cannot belong, under the conjunctive, optative, imperative, 
and the participle. See p. 110; also, pp. 131, 144, 154, 
188, 208. See also Crosby, Gr. Gr., § 575, 2. 

One of the examples given by Kiihner, from Xen. Cyr. 
1, 2, 2, is, —“Ai pay yao mlsiotea modeg mMeootartovor Tog 
moira wy xdertrew, why aomater, xa Tada Ta TOLMTE wWoad- 
tog? iv S€ tig TovTMY 1 Mupupairy, Cyuiag avroig EnOeour. 
For most cities enjoin upon their citizens not to steal, not to 
rob, and other such things in like manner ; but if any one 
transgress any of these commands, they ATTACH penalties to 
them.” Here inéGecar, by the idiom above illustrated, de- 
scribes the customary course of states with regard to the 
prevention of crimes. But in the same sentence the words 
which in the other moods express customary or frequent 
action, or action in the most general form, namely, xAéztew, 
aonatew, napaBairy, are in the present tense. 

The language of Buttmann and Kiihner, in explaining a 
particular usage of the optative mood, can hardly be sup- 
posed to prove that the qaorist, in the oblique moods, has a 
frequentative sense. If such a mistake should be made, it 
would be from the accidental circumstance, that, in some of 
the examples of the use of the optative mood in sentences 
which describe repeated acts, the tense happens to be the 
aorist. But neither the mood nor the tense has any proper 
frequentative sense of the kind just explained, as a mo- 
ment’s analysis will show; though Buttmann (Gr. Gr., 
§ 139, n. 6, p. 8389) somewhat loosely says, — “A further 
and special use of the optative is when it stands in the pro- 
tasis, instead of the indicative of past time, to express 
something which took place repeatedly or eustomarily. E. g. 
Ovs piv (3 04 edraxtws xai Cwmy rtas, Me0GEhadva” avdTOIg 
oitwes elev jewra, xai imei MUOOLTO.... éayve. Whom 


~ 


NOTES. 163 


ever he saw, i. e. so often as he saw any,’ &e. The passage 
is from a description of a review of an army on a march, 
The commander rode about among the ranks, and, having 
inquired the names of those whom he observed to be silent 
and orderly, praised them. The sentences are in a relative 
construction, and therefore an oblique mood is employed ; 
but the verbs themselves, not being intended to express a fre- 
quent or customary act, are put in the aorist tense. The 
optative aorists ido: and mvforro describe respectively a 
single and completed act of seeing and ascertaining; the 
time of the respective acts being indefinite. The idea of 
repetition results from the dependent character of the whole 
sentence, and from the continued action expressed by the 
imperfects 7ewra and émyve. This is very clearly explained 
by Madvig, pp. 131, 143. Were the present tense used in 
these clauses, the meaning would be different. The writer, 
of course, does not intend to say, “ Whomsoever he fre- 
quently, or customarily, or always saw advancing in good 
order and silence, riding up to them, he asked who they 
were, and when he had frequently or customarily ascertained 
their names,” &c. 

The principle intended to be substantiated by these re- 
marks, namely, that the oblique moods and the participle in 
the aorist are not, IN THEMSELVES, used in a frequentative 
sense, but, if ever apparently so used, the frequentative idea 
results from the indefinite and dependent construction of the 
sentence, or from the addition of a frequentative adverb, has 
been assumed by Coray in his notes to Isocrates (Vol. IT. 
p- 34), and explicitly laid down and enforced by Bremi 
(Asocrates, § 31, p. 32). 

To make this matter clear, it will be necessary to con- 
sider the passage in Isocrates in some detail. The author 
of the Panegyricus has been speaking of the ancient ser- 
vices rendered by Athens to the other Greek states; “as a 
memorial of which,” he goes on to say, “the most of the 


164 NOTES. 


cities send annually to us the first-fruits of the earth; and 
the Pythia has often enjoined upon those who omit this,” 
&c. Fhose who omit is expressed by the usual participial 
construction, and the question with Coray was, whether it 
should be the aorist éxAwtovcaic, as More conjectured, or the 
present éxAewtovoac. The whole clause is raig 8 éxdemtovoag 
(or éxdurtovoag) noddanig 4 IIvbia npoceruker atopéegew, &e.; 
upon which Coray has this note : — “’Exieuovcas | ’Opba¢g 
yer TO xata muparauow, Sue TO éemtupeoouevor, Tloddaxug + v0 ov 
TeEMtEOY HVTO sig TO KogLOTOvpEVo?, ’"Eximovouls, WS sxacdy 
tec.” That is, —“The form significant of continuation is 
correct on account of the following 2odiaxig; wherefore it 
ought not to be changed into the aorist, éxAwtovoas, as some 
have supposed.” Coray means, that, on account of the 
duration implied by the frequent commands of the priestess 
at Delphi (zoddaxig mpocéraker), the participle which de- 
scribes the act or acts that occasioned the commands should 
- have a corresponding duration. ‘The aorist participle does 
not convey the idea of repetition or duration, but the pres- 
ent does ; therefore the present is correct. 

Bremi adopts this view. He says, after giving the con- 
jecture of More,— “Sed subtilis est et vera Corazi ani- 
madversio, propter 20AAaxi¢ presens positum esse, quum res 
sepius facta notetur. Nempe aoristus participit et modi 
obliqui una de re nec adjecto adverbio, quod repetitionis 
notionem habet, ponitur.” In stating the principle of Coray, 
Bremi has added, to prevent all misapprehension, and to 
make the meaning entirely clear, the natural qualification, 
unless a frequentative adverb is joined to the participle. 
For the negative ablative absolute of accompaniment, nec 
adjecto adverbio, &c., contains the necessary limitation 
of the principle deduced from Coray’s remark. The ob- 
servation of Bremi is, — “The remark of Coray is acute 
and correct, that, on account of zoAdaxc, the present is used 
when the repetition of an act is to be noted; that is to say, 


NOTES. : 165 


the aorist of the participle and oblique mood is used of a 
single act, unless an adverb is added which has the idea of 
repetition.” : 

To return from this long digression, let us apply the prin- 
ciple to the words now under consideration. The poet uses 
vixyoauyst, the aorist optative, because he refers to his hopes 
of victory in a single case, una de re, i.e. in the present 
dramatic representation; but in the same sentence he em- 
ploys the present optative, vouitoiuyr, because duration of 
time, not a single moment or one act, is to be expressed, — 
the continuance of his fame as a poet. 

. [Since the preceding note was written, a striking example 
of the gnomic aorist infinitive in oratio obliqua has been 
pointed out in Soph. Aj. 1082; to which may be added an- 
other in Plat. Phedr. 232 B, and one of the participle in 
Thue. VI. 16.] 

520. soos, skilful, a master of my art. 

522. Kai.... xopdiar, And that this rs the best of my 
comedies. sogerar’ éyew, equivalent to copwraryy eivat. 

523. avayevo’, to cause to taste, to let taste. 

524, 525. eit’.... 0”. The poet here alludes to his fail- 
ure to gain the prize at the first representation of the 
Clouds. There is some doubt whether avdgav gogrixwr 
means the theatrical judges who decided against him, or the 
rivals whose performances were preferred to his. The 
scholiasts, Ernesti, Schiitz, and Bothe, understand the 
former; Mitchell, the latter. Schiitz says, — “ avdgec 
optixot sunt qui de vera poématum venustate recte judi- 
care nequeunt, quum sint imperiti, ac pingui ingenio.” 
Mitchell’s opinion is, “that the poet’s rivals are thus con- 
temptuously characterized, even though one of those rivals 
was the illustrious Cratinus.” In confirmation he quotes 
from Dobree’s Adversaria, —“ Oi qogzixoi erant Aristo- 
phanis rivales, a parcel of buffoons.” The use of the 
preposition v0, though not conclusive, seems rather to fix it 
upon the judges; if the sense were conquered by, yrtyOeig 


166 3 NOTES. 


would be constructed commonly with a genitive, his rivals 
being referred to. Translate, Then I came off, defeated by 
the judgment of vulgar fellows, when I deserved it not. This 
construction agrees sufficiently well with what follows. 
Kock refers qogtixov to Ameipsias and Cratinus, the rivals 
of Aristophanes. 

526. tavr énpayparevouyr, I expended this labor. 

527. ng0da0w, will despair of, or literally, will give up. 

528. oig . ... déyew. Bergler, “quibus libenter probo 
studium meum et eloquentiam.” A scholiast, “ oig énSetxvv- 
oc 450 éotw.” Schiitz, “quorum vel conspectu et collo- 
quio frui dulce est.” Mitchell, “with whom even to hold 
converse is a delight.” Wieland, “zu welchen nur zureden 
schon Vergniigen ist, merely to speak to whom is a delight.” 
Bothe rejects all these and says,—“quibus etiam dicere 
suave est, h. e. qui etiam eloquentia delectamini, non solum 
artibus bellicis quibus nunc ut cum maxime studetis. Utra- 
que laude poetze ornare solent spectatores. Plaut. Capt. 
prol. 67, Valete, judices justissimi domi, bellique duellatores 
optimi. déyew, 10 déyew, ut Eq. 329, iSod Aéyew, specta elo- 
qguentiam.” Bergler and the scholiast are probably correct. 
Bothe’s explanation is less probable. Kock thinks the text 
corrupt. 

529. ‘O coqoay te yo xatanvyor. Alluding to his earli- 
est play, in which were these two characters, “the Virtu- 
ous” and “the Vicious.” Fragments of this play are all 
that remain. Its title was Zarradeig, The Revellers. 

530. mapdevoc. We use a similar figure when we speak 
of an orator, on his first appearance, delivering his maiden 
speech. Aristophanes is supposed to have been about nine- 
teen at the time here referred to. According to the scho- 
liast, the legal age at which the poet might come forward 
personally was forty years, or, he adds, “as some say, 
thirty ;” but on the subject of the legal limitation of age 
with dramatic poets, it is not easy to come to a satisfactory 


‘ NOTES. 167 
conclusion. The scholiast above alluded to has probably 
confounded the laws concerning the ¢7jrogeg with those that 
regulated actors. The scholiast on the Frogs (1. 502) states 
that when the poet first engaged in comedy he was oyedov 
peipaxioxos, and the author of the article on Aristophanes in 
the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography assumes, 
on the strength of this authority, the year B. C. 444 as the 
date of his birth, which would make him seventeen years 
old at the time of the representation of the J4atadeic, B. C. 
427. The assumption of the scholiast, that forty, or even 
thirty, was the legal age of.dramatic poets, is contradicted 
by the fact, cited by Boeckh (Greec. Tragic Princip., p. 103) 
and by Clinton (Fasti Hellenici, Vol. II. pp. 58; 59), that 
Eschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Agathon appeared as 
dramatic authors at a much earlier age. 

The first representation of the Clouds, at which Cratinus 
gained the first prize, and Ameipsis the second, was B. C. 
423, Aristophanes having attained the age of twenty-one. 
The second representation, in which he was unsuccessful, 
took place probably the next year, though placed by Ranke 
twelve years later, B. C. 411. If Ranke’s opinion is cor- 
rect, Aristophanes was now thirty-four years old. 

531. maig & éépa. The figure is still kept up. The 
person alluded to was Callistratus or Philonides, both of 
whom were afterwards actors in the plays of Aristophanes. 

534, 535. Nouv .... cogoig. Literally, Now, therefore, 
this comedy has come, like that Electra, to seek if perchance tt 
may meet with equally sagacious spectators. The allusion 
is to the Choéphoroi of schylus, where Electra, going to 
visit the tomb of her father, discovers the return of her 
brother Orestes, by the color of the locks of hair which are 
found upon the tomb, as if consecrated by some visitor. In 
the comparison, therefore, Electra is the present comedy, 
the brother, or Orestes, is the other comedy, which had 
been applauded by the audience; the present comedy has 


168 NOTES. ' 

come in search of its brother’s locks, that is, has come to 
see if it shall be received with equal applauses by an en- 
lightened public. — Jt will recognize, he proceeds, if it 
shall see tt, a brother’s locks ; that is, it will recognize the 
spectators to be as intelligent as those of the former comedy, 
—their brothers, as it were,— if it shall receive the same 
applause. 

537, seqq. In these lines the poet alludes to the indecent 
exhibitions of other dramatists to catch the applause of the 
groundlings. toig madiouw tw yf yélwc. It is said that the 
gaiiog was brought upon the stage in the [pooner of 
Eupolis.. Such practices have been the bane of the theatre 
in every age, and have not yet ceased to desecrate its boards ; 
making it too often the corrupter of the morals of the 
young, instead of the mirror of manners and the purifier of 
the passions, by the representation of human characters . 
under the varied vicissitudes of life. 

540. Oud’ goxmwe tore qakaxpovs, Nor derided the bald- 
headed. Mitchell thinks these words refer to something, 
which, for want of the works of contemporary writers, it 
is impossible to explain. Bergler thinks he is alluding jok- 
ingly to the baldness of Socrates. If the scholiast, as . 
emended by Hermann, is to be received, Eupolis is satiri- 
cally aimed at, — 


tov¢ ‘Innéacg 
Luveroinca tH pakaxpO tobTw, — 


I helped this bald-head (meaning Aristophanes) compose the 
Knights:— The Kogdat was a wanton dance, imported from 
Asia, sometimes. introduced at the Dionysiac festivals. It 
occurs in the Wasps of Aristophanes himself, who was 
- sometimes as little scrupulous as his rivals. 

541, 542. Odd8.... oxoippara. The allusion here again 
is obscure. According to a scholiast, there was a comic 
poet, Simermno, who introduced an old man with a staff, 


NOTES. 169 


with which he beat the persons around him, to raise a laugh 
and conceal the poverty of wit in his dialogue. This seems 
to be the understanding of Wieland,— “um die plattesten 
Zoten gut dadurch zu machen, to make good thereby the 
stupidest bawdry.” ‘Translate, therefore, Nor does the old 
man who ts speaking the verses beat the person near him 
with his staff, thus keeping out of sight wretched ribaldry. 

543. Ovd’.... Bog. The poet is supposed by the scholi- 
ast to refer jestingly to his own representation of Strep- 
siades, who comes out with torches to set fire to the phron- 
tistery at the close of the present comedy. But Siivern says 
(as quoted by Mitchell), “I am convinced that the torch 
with which the school of subtilty is set on fire, and the cry, 
*Jod iov, of the disciple, at the close of the piece, are not to 
be considered as liable to the censure cast upon such ex- 
pressions in the parabasis, any more than the similar cries 
which occur also in other passages of the Clouds, the play 
itself beginning with ’Jov, or than the torches which are 
brought upon the stage in other dramas of Aristophanes. 
So in the Plutus (797, seqq.), where blame is cast upon 
the practice of throwing from the stage figs and pastry 
among the spectators, it cannot be supposed that Aris- 
tophanes meant to hold himself up to ridicule, when, in v. 
960, seqq., of the Peace, he makes Trygaios throw among 
the spectators his sacrificial barley-meal..... The passage 
in the parabasis of the Clouds is, like that in the Plutus, 
exclusively directed against other poets, who introduced out 
of the proper place, without rhyme or reason, practical 
jokes of this description; whilst Aristophanes used them 
only wher they helped on the action of the story, and were 
neither devoid of wit nor meaning.” 

545. ov xouo, am not proud, do not plume myself upon it. 

549, 550. “Og ... . xeyevm. The poet here alludes to 
his having introduced the demagogue, Cleon, into one of his 
plays (the Knights) by name. Translate, And J smote 

15 


170  womnsy 


Cleon in the belly when he was greatest, but could rot bear to 
trample on him when he was down, that is, after his death. 
The poet contrasts the manner in which he dealt with the 
objects of his satire, and that practised by his rivals. He 
was constantly introducing new characters, while they, from 
poverty of invention, when they once got hold of an Hyper- 
bolus, never let him go. For a full account of Cleon, who 
makes a conspicuous figure in the Knights and the Wasps, 
see Thucydides, Lib. III—V.; also, article Cleon, Dict. Gr. 
and Rom. Biog. Mr. Grote has attempted to defend the 
character of Cleon against the wit of Aristophanes, and 
the graver charges of Thucydides. 

552. xoletowo’, trample under foot; a term borrowed 
from the palestra. The mother of Hyperbolus was fond of 
winea 

553, 554, Maricas was the title, it seems, of a comedy 
of Eupolis, in which he introduced Hyperbolus, in imitation 
of the Knights of Aristophanes, “turning them,” as the 
poet says, “inside out.” 

555, 556. IIpoobeig .... jobter, Having added to it (the 
character of Maricas),a drunken old woman, for the sake of 
the cordax (for the sake of gratifying the vulgar tastes 
of the spectators with that indecent exhibition) whom 
Phrynichus long ago poetized,— whom the sea-monster 
tried to devour. Phrynichus had introduced into his play 
of “ Hypeuthynos” a drunken old woman, as a parody 
upon the story of Andromeda, which was often handled 
by the tragic poets and artists. This comic character was 
probably represented as dancing the cordax for joy at her 
escape from the monster of the deep. 

559. Tag .... povpevor, Imitating my tmagery of the 
eels. The soit here alludes to a passage in his Knights 
(807, Bothe’s edition,) where he compares demagogues to 
men catching eels; when the water is still, they catch noth- 
ing; but when it is stirred up, then they seize their prey. 


NOTES. | 171, 


80, in a quiet state of public affairs, the demagogue has. 
nothing to gain; but in the midst of disturbances he pros- 
pers. This comparison was much admired, and, it would 
seem, was often imitated. 
562. "Eg... . doxyjoere, In times to come you shall be 
thought to be wise. ‘The Chorus now strike off into a lyri- 
cal invocation of the gods; a piece of ingenious satire at 
the expense of the philosophers who denied the existence 
of the gods. Afterward they turn suddenly again and ad- 
dress the spectators. 
579. Aitweg.... vuasg, We who keep watch over you. — 
€odoc, a military expedition. : 
581-589. Eiza ....tgéxew. The poet is here satirizing 
the follies and absurdities of the Athenians in their manage- 
ment of public affairs. The leather-dressing Paphlagonian 
is of course Cleon, who is constantly branded with this nick- 
‘name in the Knights. The Paphlagonians were held in 
great contempt at Athens, either because many slaves were 
imported from Paphlagonia, or on account of the barbarism 
of the country. Low and base persons were designated by 
this name. The time particularly alluded to here was when 
Cleon was appointed commander of the land forces to suc- 
ceed Nicias in the expedition against Pylos, At this time, 
it is said, there came on a heavy storm, which lasted 
through the night, and this is what the poet means when he 
speaks of the sun pulling in his wick, and the moon desert- 
ing her accustomed ways. It may be observed here, that 
the various allusions to Cleon show that this parabasis 
must have been composed at different times, partly before 
and partly after the death of the great demagogue. The 
dvoPoviice of the Athenians had become proverbial at a much 
earlier period than this, and was satirized even by Solon. 

591. dwgov.... xhonis, having convicted of bribery and 
theft. és is a technical term in Athenian law, as édeiv 


172 NOTES. | 


yoagny, to gain a cause. The crime or subject of the action 
is put in the genitive. 

592. t@ EvA@, the wood. The vor was a wooden collar 
or yoke, which was sometimes fastened upon the necks of 
slaves by way of punishment. 

595. "Augi por avre, Doip’ vas. This verse is constructed 
in imitation of the dithyrambic poets, whose compositions 
frequently began with these words; on this account, accord- 
ing to a scholiast, they were called Amphianactes. “The 
vouog ogbu¢g of Terpander began, ’dugi po aitig ava 
‘ExaryBolov gdéro & gory.” Kock. It is a form of invo- 
cation, the verb being understood. This form of invocation 
was expressed by the verb auquevaxtilew. 

596, 597. KuvOiay ... . mergaur, holding the Cynthian — 
high-horned rock. On the island of Delos there was a hill 
called Cynthus, rising over the city and the temple of 
Apollo. It is lofty and precipitous, with hornlike peaks, 
which suggested the epithet vyixégara.. 

599, 600. Artemis is next invoked, and the all-golden 
house of course is the well-known temple of Artemis at 
Ephesus, — memorable, besides other things, for being men- 
tioned in the New Testament. 

602. Aiyidog xrioyos, Rein-holder of the aegis. A bold 
lyrical expression for wielder of the egis. 

603, seqq. The poet alludes to the orgies of the Bac- 
chanals on one of the peaks of Parnassus. The fable of 
the introduction of the Dionysiac worship is most strik- 
ingly exhibited by Euripides in the Bacche. 

607, seqq. The Chorus again turn to the spectators. 

609. Ilgara.... Suypayous, First to greet the Athenians 
and their allies. The principal representation of the dra- 
matic pieces took place in the spring, when Athens was 
crowded with visitors from allied and foreign nations, — 
indeed, from every part of the civilized world. 


NOTES. 173 


612. Toara .... Sgazurr, — constructed with agerovo’, 
— In the first place, benefiting you (that is, saving you) no 
less than a drachm a month for torches. ‘The good citizens 
of Athens were lighted in their nocturnal rambles by 
torches carried before them by boys — like the link-boys in 
Shakspeare’s time in London. 

615, seqq. In these lines the moon is represented as 
complaining of ill-treatment, because, through some miis- 
management of the Athenians in the arrangement of their 
festival days, the gods were disappointed of their feast at 
the regularly appointed time, and had to return home sup- 
perless, which made them angry with the moon. Whether 
the moon’s complaint against the Athenians turned upon 
_ their varying the festivals so as to keep them in the same 
season of the year by changing the days of the month on 
which they were held, or upon the festivals gradually pass- 
ing from their appropriate season to another, so that the 
summer festivals would fall upon the autumn, and the au- 
tumn upon winter, and so on, does not seem very clearly 
intimated. But it is certain that about this time the Attic 
calendar had fallen into great confusion. The Attic year 
was reckoned by lunar months; and the discrepancy be- 
tween the lunar and solar year, even with the corrections 
of the calendar of Cleostratus, had become very considera- 
ble. To remedy this, the mathematician Meton devised 
this plan. He discovered that 235 lunar months corre- 
spond, with a slight difference, to 19 solar years. He there- . 
fore formed the cycle of 19 years, consisting of 6,940 days, 
which he distributed into months in such a manner as to 
make them correspond, in the whole period, to the changes 
of the moon. This was the famous “ Year of Meton,” — 
érvennaudexaetnols. On this basis he founded his calendar, 
and re-arranged the months and festivals of the Attic year. 
The epoch of his calendar was, according to Hoffmann (Al- 
terthums- Wissenschaft, p. 350), the thirteenth of Scirophoe 

15\* 


174 NOTES. 


rion, in the fourth year of the 87th Olympiad, or B. C. 482. 
Wieland, as quoted by Bothe, says that “the poet is here 
satirizing Meton, who had a little before invented the 
Metonic Cycle of 19 years, for the purpose of adjusting the 
lunar to the solar year, and correcting the festive days. 
But it so happened, that days which had formerly been 
sacred now became profane, and vice versd, which seems to 
have displeased many, and to have given an opportunity for 
our poet to exercise his comic genius, which he is always 
most happy to seize upon. Perhaps among those who 
favored Meton and the new calendar, Hyperbolus took the 
lead ; and therefore the poet set his mark upon him at the 
end of the parabasis, as one who, when sent as Hieromne- 
mon among the Athenian deputies to the Amphictyonic 
Council, lost the laurel crown which those deputies were 
required to wear on their return, —a thing that was con- 
sidered in the highest degree disgraceful.” See article on 
Greek Calendar in Dict. of Gr. and Rom. Antiq. 

Siivern, however, is of opinion that it is very doubtful 
whether the cycle of Meton was introduced when the Clouds 
was exhibited, and thinks it more probable that the errors 
of the earlier astronomical observations of Cleostratus, and 
his period of eight years, were then at their highest point, 
and that the allusion in the parabasis may be more properly 
referred to this circumstance. . 

620. dimclere, ye are litigating. The litigious disposition 
of the Athenians was frequently the subject of the poet’s 
satire. ozgefiovte, It was common in the Attic process to 
torture slaves, for the purpose of extorting confession. 

622. “Hoiv ... . Suenydova, When we are bewailing 
Memnon and Sarpedon. <A scholiast says, —“ Memnon and 
Sarpedon, being sons of Zeus, and having died in Troy, 
were thus honored among the gods, their father having or- 
dered that the gods should every year pass the day on 
which they died in fasting and mourning.” 


NOTES. 175 


623-625. ao? .... &pyoein, wherefore Hyperbolus, being 

appointed by lot to be Hieromnemon this year, was after- 
wards deprived by us, the gods, of his crown, or, construct- 
ing tov orépavor with tov Oedr, the crown of the gods, the 
sacred crown, that is, the crown which he wore in virtue of 
his office as Hieromnemon. Each of the twelve states 
constituting the Amphictyonic league sent to the assembly 
or congress, held half-yearly in the spring and autumn, 
at Delphi and Thermopyle, two classes of deputies, called 
Pylagorse and Hieromnemones ; the former to attend to the 
political questions that came before the assembly, and the 
latter to the religious affairs of the league. At Athens the 
Pylagore were chosen by an annual election, but the Hie- 
romnemones were appointed by lot. See Champlin’s De- 
mosthenes, new edition, p. 192, note; also Hermann, Pol. 
Ant., §§ 13, 14. 
- 626. Kara&....uéoas, To keep the days of life accord- 
tng to the moon. Solon had directed that festivals should 
be observed by the lunar calendar. The poet, as above 
intimated, seems to be striking at Hyperbolus for favoring 
Meton and the new calendar. 

627-631. Ma .... pabeiv. Socrates has been vainly 
endeavoring to teach his disciple some of the sublimities of 
philosophy. Irritated by his stupidity, the master returns in 
a towering passion, swearing by Respiration, Chaos, and 
Air, that he has never seen such a blockhead in all his life. 
The philosopher in his excitement commits what we should 
now call an Irish bull. He says Strepsiades is such a for- 
getful fellow, that, in hearing a few philosophical niceties, he 
has forgotten them before he had learned them. 

632. xaio, future for xad¢ow. 

633. coxdrtyry,— the same as oxipnoda, — the couch. 

635. ‘Avicug .... vovrv. Strepsiades has not yet come 
eut from the phrontistery, but, the door being open, is seen 


. 


176 NOTES. 


within. Then he takes up the couch and brings it out. 
Socrates tells him to put it down quickly (Make haste and 
put it down, and give your attention), and then proceeds te 
question him. The dialogue gives occasion to more of 
those ludicrous misapprehensions of the meaning of words 
on the part of the pupil, some of which have already been 
noticed. 

638-640. Iléregu .... diyowixe. Socrates is speaking 
of. poetical measures. Strepsiades knows nothing about 
such things, and, understanding him to mean dry measures, 
answers, that, to be sure, he would like to be instructed in 
measures, for he had lately been cheated by a flour-dealer 
out of a couple of cheenices. - 

643. "Eyd .... mpuextéov. To the question, whether he 
considered the trimeter or tetrameter the most beautiful 
measure, Strepsiades replies, that, for his part, he is of opin- 
‘ion that the hemiecteus is as good as any. The joke con- 
sists in this, — the éxtev¢ was the sixth part of a medimnus; 
the medimnus of the Attic measure was forty-eight chceni- 
ces; the éxrevc, therefore, was eight cheenices, and the mpu- 
extéov four, that is, as Strepsiades understands the matter, a 

tetrameter. 
644. Hegidiou vuv éuoi, Wager, then, with me. The same 
idiom occurs in the Acharnians, 1013, Bovis megidocba ; 
will you bet? The offer to back his opinion by a bet is 
characteristic of the ignorance of Strepsiades. A wager is 
the natural resort of one whose purse is better filled than 
his head. 

647. Tayd.... 6vOucr, But perhaps you may be able to 
learn about rhythms. Socrates despairs of making him un- 
derstand the doctrine of measures, and passes to another 
subject, that of rhythms. The old man’s thoughts, however, 
are still running upon flour and dry measures, and he can- 
not see what good rhythms will do him as to these. 


NOTES. | ; 177 


651. Kur’ évorduovr, For the armed dance.— xara Séxrvi.or, 
according to the dactyle, that is, the rhythm which moves in 
dactylic measure. 

654. ovroct. Of course Strepsiades again misunder- 
stands his teacher, and knows no other Séxtviog than his 
finger. 

659, seqq. Socrates now proceeds to question his disci~ 
ple on some points of grammar. The grammatical subtil- 
ties of the schools —— some of which occur in the works of 
Plato — are the present object of the poet’s wit. 

666. "Alextgiawar. This line is as farcical as if he had 
said in English cockess and cock. The male and female 
bird were designated by the same word, adexrovoir. 

669. Auadgitdcw, I will fill with meal. 

670. ’Jd0v ... . éxegor, See, again, there’s another, that is, 
another blunder. The reader will see at once that the joke 
turns upon the feminine article being used with a noun of 
masculine termination. 

675, 676. “Al? .. . . ’veuartero, But, my good fellow, 
Cleonymus had no kneading-trough, but was accustomed to 
knead in a round mortar. There is a doubt as to the 
meaning of this passage. According to some, the poet is 
representing Cleonymus, as a pauper parasite, who had not 
even a bread-trough, but was obliged to use a mortar. 
Wolf so understands it, — “Hatte wahrlichs am Ende 
iibrig, selbst den Backetrog nicht mehr.” According to 
others, the round mortar means Sicily, where Cleonymus 
had obtained an appointment through the influence of Cleon, 
and contrived to amass a fortune. This latter fact is alluded 
to, they suppose, when Cleonymus is said to have kneaded 
in a round mortar. In the Wasps (924) Oveia is used of 
Sicily :— 

“Ooru mepimActoac tiv Bvueiav év Kixdy. 


Conz, cited by Mitchell, says, — “Sicilia caseis foecunda 


178 NOTES. 


opimis insula, ap. Athen. I. 27, appellatur, 7 Oveia (morta- 
rium).” Upon which Mitchell says, — “That the mortar 
‘here means Sicily there can be little doubt; and he who has 
observed how large an ingredient cheese made in the com- 
position of an Athenian salad-confection, all the ingredients 
of which were beat up in a mortar, will be at no loss to un- 
derstand the poet’s meaning.” The word occurs again, Pax. 
228, in its proper meaning, mortar. The Sicilian cheese, 
meds Lxelixoc, is enumerated, with other luxuries, by An- 
tiphanes. See Athen., Lib. I, 49. 

Cleonymus is introduced a great many times in the com- 
edies of Aristophanes, as a demagogue, perjurer, glutton, 
and coward. I do not know that there is any proof of Cle- 
onymus having been in Sicily; and the circumstance that 
Sicily is jokingly called a mortar, in other places, can 
hardly lend probability to the supposition that the round 
mortar here is Sicily. Perhaps the expression is a satirical 
allusion to the fondness of the parasite and glutton for high- 
seasoned dishes, like the salads prepared in the mortar; and 
that he cared so little for simple bread, that he did not even 
keep a kneading-trough, but made the salad-mortar answer 
all his purposes. 

690. *Auvria. The poet makes this discussion upon the 
gender of names the occasion of satirizing the cowardice 
and effeminacy of Amynias, who was ridiculed by other 
poets, as Cratinus and Eupolis, according to the scholiast. 

695-699. ’Exqodrticdy .... tiyegor. In this scene Soc- 
rates makes Strepsiades lie down upon the couch, covers 
him up with fleeces, sorely against his will, and sets him to 
the task of excogitating some profound idea with regard to 
his own affairs. The scene is regarded as a burlesque upon 
the figure of speech by which Socrates was accustomed to 
call himself the intellectual man-midwife, the professor of 
the maieutic art. Strepsiades is unwilling to risk himself 
on the philosophic couch, having already had some expe- 


NovEsS. 179 


_rience of its inhabitants. aira ravr’, these very things. For 
this combination, see Kiihner, Gr. Gr., § 303, 3. maga 
tavt adda, there is no other way ; magé with the accusative 
is sometimes = preter. dixny .... deo. The phrase dixyy 
dovre is legal, and applies to him who pays the penalty. 

709, 710. é&.... KogivOwr. The poet.is amusing him- 
self with the resemblance in the first part of the words x0- 
etc, bed-bugs, and KogirOw1, Corinthians. About this time 
hostilities existed between the Athenians and the Corinthi- 
ans ; the latter were harassing the territory of the former ; 
therefore he calls the bed-bugs Corinthians from the couch ; 
as if he had said, the Bedouins from the bedstead. 

717-722. Kai... . yeyémpot. Poor Strepsiades cer- 
tainly makes out a strong case ; his money is gone, his color 
is gone, his shoe gone; and besides all these troubles, says 
he, while singing songs of the watch, I’m. almost gone myself. 
@oovgds dav is a proverbial expression borrowed from the 
soldiers who hum airs to make themselves company when 
on guard; it was applied to persons who were wakeful, 
whether from the cause which kept Strepsiades awake, or 
some other. For the gen. odiyov = odiyou Seiv, see Matt. 
Gr. Gr., § 355, Obs. 2. The genitive qgovga¢ denotes time. 
See Soph. Gr. Gr. § 196; and Kiihner, Gr. Gr., § 273, 
4 (b). 

728. vovg amtooregntixdg. The epithet is a punning allu- 
sion to the philosophical ozrégyow, or deprivation. It may 
very well be rendered into English by an abstracting talent. 

729, 730. Oiuor.... dtootegnteida ; While Socrates is 
covering him up with lambskins, the poet makes the disci- 
ple utter a wish, the language of which is whimsically bor- 
rowed from the putting on of the lambskins, and from the 
resemblance between the words dgvaxis, lambskin, and &gry- 
ois, negation. As to the interrogative form, it is a common 
Greek idiom te express a wish in the shape of a question. 


180 . NOTES. 


The exact point of the joke cannot be given in English; but 
something near it is, — 


Ah, who can put upon me 
From these lamb-fleeces knowledge how to fleece ? 


735. Ovx . ... « poortisis ; literally, Will you not cover 
yourself up speedily and cogitate something? A command 
in the form of a question, a frequent idiom, meaning, Cover 
yourself up quickly and ponder. 

- 740-742. "Ii. . . . ozone. The poet is ridiculing the 

philosophic divisions and subdivisions which Socrates was 
much addicted to, and which prevail in many parts of the 
Platonic writings. oydoug tiv poortida Aenriy, cutting the 
thought fine. Sige xai oxonor, distinguishing and exam- 
ining. 

743. xdv anogys, and if you are doubtful. 

745. Kivyoor, Set it in motion. This word is used in ref- 
erence to the meditative déogia or state of uncertainty and 
wavering between different opinions. Mitchell quotes sev- 
eral passages on motion in illustration of the philosophical 
bearing of this word. — CvyoOgucor, clap it in the balance, 
or, weigh it carefully and well. 

746. °2 Sewxparidwr gidtator. Strepsiades suddenly starts 
up, having caught an idea by the tail, O dearest Socratidy ! 

747. "Eyo . . . . anooregntixyy, I’ve got an abstracting 
idea of interest, that is, ’'ve got got hold of an idea how to 
cheat my creditors out of their interest. 

749. Oertadjv. The Thessalians were notorious among 
the ancients for their addiction to witchcraft. They were 
the mediums of the times. The thought that has struck the 
mind of Strepsiades is, to purchase a Thessalian hag, and 
by her magic draw the moon down from heaven, and thus, as 
interest was computed by the lunar months, escape the pay- 
ment of it, by shutting up the moon in a round case. The 


NOTES. - “181 


Logetov orgoyyviov was a case in which men kept the crests 
of their helmets and women their mirrors. “ Mirrors cone 
stituted an article of Hellenic luxury. These were some- 
times of brass; whence the proverb, — 


* As forms by brass, so minds by wine are mirrored.’ 


The best, however, until those of glass came into use, were 
made of silver, or of a mixed metal, the exact composition 
of which is not now known. Another kind was fashioned 
from a species of carbuncle found near the city of Orcha- 
menos in Arcadia. Glass mirrors also came early into use, 
chiefly manufactured, at the outset, by the Pheenicians of 
Sidon. The hand-mirrors were usually circular, and set in 
costly frames. To prevent their being speedily tarnished, 
they were, when not in use, carefully inclosed in cases.” 
' St. John’s Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece, Vol. 
IL, pp. 118, 119. 

758, 759. Ei.... pow, If a suit of five talents were writ- 
tng out against you, how would you evade it? tell me. This 
question is a puzzler; but Strepsiades, gathering himself 
under the bed-clothes, ponders. 

763. Awdderov .... 050g, Like a cockchafer tied with a 
thread by the foot. He is directed to let his speculative fac- 
ulty soar into the air; but not lose his hold upon it. This 
is better than the dupes of the spiritual imposture do now-a- 
days. The allusion is to boys amusing themselves by tying 
acockchafer by the foot with a thread, and then letting him 
fly off to the length of his tether. 

766. qapuaxonodac, the apothecaries. 

768. Ti vahov déyacg; Do you mean the crystal? (or 
perhaps amber). The ancients sometimes used the crystal, 
or lapis specularis, for burning-glasses, which would be a 
correct enough translation in this passage. Glass itself may 
be alluded to here, for its use was certainly known among 
the ancients, perhaps as early as the time of Aristophanes. 

16 


182 NOTES. 


“We find mention of burning-glasses as early as the age of 
Socrates ; and a number of lenses more powerful than those 
employed by our own engravers, have been found among 
the ruins of Herculaneum.” St. John’s Manners and Cus- 
toms of Ancient Greece, Vol. III., pp. 152, 158. Herodo- 
tus, Lib. II. 69, calls glass ear-drops, with which the Egyp- 
tians adorned their tame crocodiles, W6wa ytd. 

770. “Onote.... yoappateds, What, if, when the clerk of 
the court entered the suit upon the tablets. When a suit was 
once admitted by the court, the scribe or clerk had to copy 
it out upon waxen tablets, which were hung upon pillars. 
Strepsiades’s abstracting idea is, to stand with his sun-glass 
in the direction of the sun, and so melt out the wax, and 
cast the suitor. 

774. “Ou... . dixn, That a suit of five talents has thus 
been abated. Swaeyeaqo had a technical meaning, to draw a 
line through, for the purpose of erasing, to expunge. The 
magistrates who stopped an action were said dicyeéqew, and 
the plaintiff who withdrew the suit was said duayeaqecban, in 
the middle voice. 

777. Méddev ogiijoew, Being on the point of getting cast 
or defeated, or, When the case is on the point of going 
against you. 

779, 780. Ei... . toéyoor, If, while one case was pending, 
before mine was called, I should run and hang myself. ‘The 
case was called by proclamation of the herald under the 
orders of the archon. This new Socratic problem Strep- 
siades solves off-hand very ingentwously; he is not obliged 
even to put himself under the bed-clothes. 

783. ‘YOdeig . ... &u. The patience of the philosopher is 
now wellnigh exhausted. But Strepsiades entreats him to 
continue his instructions. He gives him one trial more, and, 
finding him incorrigibly dull and forgetful, tells him, reso- 
lutely and angrily, to be off. 

792,798. Ano. .. ovpBovdetours. Strepsiades, in de- 


NOTES. 183 


spair, appeals to the Clouds for counsel in this extremity, — 
For I shall go, says he, to utter ruin, unless I learn to twist 
the tongue ; yhorroorgogeiv. 

797, 798. “AIP... . 1000; 

I have a son, a perfect gentleman ; 
But — for he will not leatn — what will become 
Of me? 

799. ogetyg. This word may be literally rendered by the 
cant expression, he’s a swell. 

800. evarégar, high-flying. 

803. "Adv .... yoovor, But wait for me a little while 
within. Socrates goes into the phrontistery, and while he 
is departing the Chorus addresses him, telling him to make 
the most of his opportunity; that the man is so smitten out 
of his senses, and excited, that he is ready to do any thing 
in the world; but that such affairs are wont speedily to take 
a different turn. 

811. dmoddéwas, fut. ind. for imp., lap up, from étoLento. 
See Hom. Tl. XVI. 161:— 


AGpovreg yAdooyow dpaijow pérav idwp. 


814. Ovro. .... pevei¢. The father has returned from 
the sophists’ school, and has evidently been holding an 
angry parle with the dandy son. In the course of the 
dialogue, he makes excellent .use of. the sublime instruc- 
tions he has received. The new oath, “ By Mist,” is evi- 
dently suggested by his recent intercourse with the cloud- 
philosophers — the petewpogevaxes. 

816. °2 Semone. The young man is greatly amazed at 
the alteration in his father’s appearance, who now has the 
philosophic look,— the pale face, the bare feet, and the 
phrontistic cloak.— zi yejua ndoyes, what is the matter 
with you ? 

818. *Idov ... gins, See there, “by Olympian Zeus,” 


184 NOTES. 


forsooth, what folly! For the genitive, see Soph. Gr. Gr., 
§ 194, 2. 

819. To Mia... tydixovrori, To believe in Zeus, as big 
as you are. 

820. Ti.... éceov; What, in the name of wonder, are 
you laughing at? The word éredv is elsewhere used in 
interrogative sentences, generally expressing anger, irony, 
or surprise ; the last is the feeling here. 

821. pooreig coyuixd, and have musty old notions in your 
head. 

824. "One .... pydéva. "Ono py are often used with 

the future indicative in an imperative sense. See ante, 
p- 127. Properly the sentence is elliptical. See that you 
don’t tell anybody. 'The old man proceeds with his instruc- 
tions. 
_ 830. Mijduos, the Melian. . This was a term of reproach, 
partly on political grounds, the Athenians bearing a hatred 
against the Melians, and partly because Diagoras, a noted 
atheist, was a native of Melos. Mitchell, however, thinks 
that the allusion here is to Leucippus, from whose philo- 
sophical doctrines the Dinos of the Socratic school was 
formed. 

833. Evordpue,— the same as eve7jpet, — Speak reverently, 
or, Be careful what you say. 

835-838. ov... . ior. The poet is satirizing the 
affected habits of the philosophers, and Strepsiades is giv- 
ing a side-thrust at the extravagance of his son. They 
never wash;— but you are washing away my property. 
woneg teOventoc, as if I were dead. According to a schol- 
iast, the expression refers to the custom of washing the 
body after death. 

842. Ivoou....mayvs. The poet is here turning into 
ridicule the sage old precept, “ Know thyself.” Strep- 
siades undertakes to quote it, but, before he gets through, 


NOTES. 185 


turns it into a complete burlesque. Thou shalt know thy- 
self, —how ignorant and thick-headed thou art. Perhaps 
the recent experience of Strepsiades has taught him this 
addition to the original precept. 

844-846. Oiwor.... godow; The father has just gone 
out, and will shortly appear with a cock and hen, for the 
further instruction of his hopeful son. Meantime, the youth, 
perplexed by what he conceives to be the madness of his 
father, is in doubt whether he shall take him into court on a 
charge of lunacy, or give notice to the coffin-makers ; mean- 
ing, that the old gentleman cannot live long in such a state 
of mind. The dialogue that follows is sufficiently explained 
by what has already been said. 

853. trove yyyeveic ; The young man is to be understood 
as applying this epithet to the philosophers, very much as a 
fashionable young gentleman now-a-days would call eccen- 
tric old people antediluvians. ae 

855. ’"EnelLarOuvouny .... étav. We have nearly the 
same idiom in English. We sometimes say, in speaking of 
what we were habitually doing at some past time, I would 
do so and so, meaning, I did so and so; as, “ Whenever he 
spoke to me, I would reply.” ‘Translate, therefore, What- 
ever I attempted to learn I would forget immediately from 
my great age. For the construction of é with the indica- 
tive, see Kiihner, Gr. Gr., § 260 (§). 

857. “AMV .... xatanegegortina, I have not lost, but I 
have pondered it away. xara here has an intensive force, 
as in xataxvBevew, to gamble away. We have no single 
word to express the meaning of the ludicrous compound 
xatagoortito. In German it is, Ich hab’ thn verstudirt. 

858. Tag .... ot; And what have you done with 
your shoes, you old fool? or, What have you turned your 
shoes to, you dunce? The word trézgoqag—in some edi- 
tions térgomag—has caused the critics a little trounle. 
Some consider it from tgém@, to turn ; then it is, Whither 

th 


186 NOTES: 


have you turned? that is, Where have you placed? or, as 
above rendered, What have you done with? Others take 
it from teégw; this word, besides other meanings, signifies 
to keep, as of servants, slaves; to cultivate, as of hair; and 
in the passive voice it sometimes describes condition or sit- 
uation, as in CEdipus Tyrannus, pics teéper 2009 vuxrds, thou 
art in one night, or, thou art surrounded by perpetual night. 
It does not seem forced, to deduce from these meanings one 
suitable to the present passage, supposing the expression to 
be applied in a rather ludicrous or canting fashion ‘by the 
young man, — Where have you been keeping your shoes? as 
he would have asked, Where have you been keeping your 
horse? and perhaps this very idea was running in his head 
at the time. 

859. “Rong... . anodeca, Like Pericles, I lost them on 
the emergency. ‘The allusion here is to a fact in the life of 
Pericles, who, in rendering an account of his administration 
of the public revenue, set down an item of ten talents 
“ crnhoperory sig 10 Séor, expended upon what was wanted” ; 
being unwilling to say, “I used it to bribe the Spartan 
general Cleandridas.” Strepsiades says, burlesquing this 
item, that he had lost his-shoes eg to d5¢0r, — substituting 
anddece for avihwoc. 

863. “Ov... . ‘Hiuaorxdr, The very first Heliastic obol 1 
received. ‘This refers to the courts of law called Heliaa. 
The judges, or rather jurymen, who constituted these courts, 
were citizens above thirty years of age, and amounted to 
about 6,000; 600 being selected from each of the ten tribes. 
They were called Heliasts. They were also members of 
the popular assembly, and thus performed both legislative 
and judicial functions. But the Heliastic courts were es- 
tablished by Solon for the purpose of acting partly as a 
check upon the Ecclesia. “They seldom all met,” says 
Hermann, “ being formed into ten divisions, the complement 
of each of which was strictly 500, although it varied ac- 


NOTES. 187 


cording to circumstances; sometimes diminishing to 200 or 
400, whilst on other occasions it appears to have been raised 
to 1,000 or 1,500, by the union of two or three divisions. 
Every one to whose lot it fell to serve as juryman received, 
after taking the oath, a tablet, inscribed with his name and 
the number of the division to which he was to belong dzr- 
ing the year. On the morning of every court day, recourse 
was again had to lots to decide in which courts the divisions 
should respectively sit for that day, and the suits of which 
they should take cognizance, since there were many which 
could be decided only in certain courts. The number of 
these courts of justice is uncertain; most of them, however, 
were in the Agora, and were distinguished by numbers and 
colors. Staves with corresponding marks were handed to 
the jurymen at the entrance of each court, as symbols of 
their judicial power, and at the same time tickets, on pre- 
senting which, from the time of Pericles, they received 
their fees from xodaxgéerou.” — Political Antiquities of 
Greece, p. 265. 

The name Heligza is connected with the Doric «iia, an 
assembly ; also with aug and aiitecOor; not with 7g, as 
is sometimes stated. Each citizen received as his fee an 
obolus a day; which was afterwards increased to three 
oboli. 

865. "H....déy6éoe. The young man has finally made 
up his mind to go; but he tells his father very gravely that 
he (the father) will be sorry for it sooner or later. 

869. Kai... . evade, He is not experienced in the hang- 
ing baskets here, instead of, He is not tinctured with the 
teachings of the school. xgeucfoor is here used, in allusion 
to the first appearance of Socrates suspended in a basket, 
for the Socratic instructions. 

870. Avtos .... ye. The reply of Phidippides is ut- 
tered in a languid, drawling way, and he puns upon the 


188 . NOTES: 


word tgifov used by Socrates, and jokes upon the hanging 
baskets. You would yourself be a rgifov (an old cloak), if 
you were hung up. Or, perhaps, as if Socrates had said, 
He does not yet know our ropes,— the young man replies, 
You would know the rope yourself, if you were hung. 

872, 873. "dod .... Siedovqxdow, See there, xoguar, how 
foolishly he spoke tt, and with parted lips. What particular 
defect Socrates is here imitating and ridiculing is a question 
among the commentators. Mitchell says, —“To under- 
stand the taunt of Socrates, we must revert to the organic 
defect and lisp of the young knight, which, instead of allow- 
ing him to say kremaio, would oblige him to say klemaio. 
Translate, Look ye there now, klemaio! did any but a noo- 
dle, and whose lips cannot come close together, ever talk in 
that fashion?” Siivern says, —“ We can understand the 
jest only by fancying to ourselves a lisping pronunciation of 
xoéuouo, like that of Ogwpog and Kogaxog in the Wasps.” 
The pronunciation referred to by Siivern is Ogwog and 
Kolaxos. Bothe remarks, —“ Quid reprehendat Socrates, 
incertum est: vastam diphthongi pronunciationem notari 
putant Reisig. et Herm., sed assentior Welckero existimanti 
celeriter ac negligenter ista dixisse Phidippidem, ore semi- 
hiante per contemptum.” Mitchell and Siivern do not ap- 
pear to have rightly understood this passage. If the young 
coxcomb had said x/guao, the poet would certainly have 
written it so, as he writes in the Wasps (45), — oda@g O&og 
xodaxog xeqahiy eye. Moreover, the word diedgvyxoow de- 
scribes, not a lisping, but a drawling, way of speaking. A 
good illustration of what is here meant is found in the indo- 
lent drawl of Lord Frederic Verisopht’s pronunciation. See 
“Nicholas Nickleby,” passim. 

874, 875. Ilag.... dvaneornoiar; [ How can he ever 
learn the acquitting art, the summoning art, or the persuasive 
art of emptying? ‘The word zuvrwoig is a comic word, 


NOTES. 189 


which means emptying. According to the Scholia, it here 
refers to the art of making an opponent’s argument appear 
empty (zavvoc).] 

878. tuvvovron, only so big, holding out his hand to indi- 
cate the smallness of the size of the boy when he performed 
such wonderful feats. 

879, 880. “Enlarrey .... éyhugev.... eigyateto. Note 
the force of the imperfect tense to describe continued or re- 
peated action. 

881. mag Soxeig. A familiar expression, equivalent to 
the English, You can’t think how. In the Frogs (1. 54) we 
have a similar expression : — 


Ti xapdiav éxarale mG ole ogddpa. 


888. Ipog méivra ra dixur’, Against all legal rights. The 
poet now introduces the two opposite principles, — the true 


and false reasoning,— as persons, each maintaining in the 


following dialogue his own side of the question. 

There is evidently a change in the spirit and temper of 
the drama from this time forward. The poet becomes more 
earnest, and grapples more closely with the vices of the 
age against which he is warring. As to the manner in 
which these personified principles, the Diczologus and the 
Adicologus, are represented, different opinions are held by 
the critics. Wieland, following the hint of an old scholiast, 
supposes they were represented as two game-cocks, fighting 
from two wicker cages; but there seems to be no sufficient 
proof of the poet’s having played off so whimsical an ex- 
travaganza. The gravity of the dialogue is inconsistent 
with such a supposition. Bergler says, —“ Hic jam per 
prosopopeeiam introducuntur duo A6yo1, alter justus, qui et 
major, seu superior dicitur, quo disserimus de rebus justis, 
. et justam causam defendimus ; atque iste agit virum modes- 
tum, verecundum, honestatis observantem et antiquis mori- 
bus preditum ; alter injustus, qui et minor, seu inferior dici« 


190 NOTES. 

tur, jura pervertens, immodestus, impudens, honestatis ex- 
pers, corruptor juventutis. Isti duo Joyo. certant inter se, 
et uterque vult adolescentem ad se allicere, ut Virtus et 
Voluptas Herculem apud Xen. Mem. 11, 1, 21, seq., et 
Philosophia atque Statuaria Lucianum in ejus Vita, seu 
Somnio.” Mr. Mitchell has some very elegant remarks 
upon this part of the drama. After stating his objections to 
the supposition of Wieland and the intimation of the scho- 
liast, he proceeds, — “ How, then, it may be asked, were the 
doy represented? What persons did they assume? What 
masks did they wear? It would be presumptuous, at this 
time of day, to affirm any thing positive on such a point; 
yet the following considerations are submitted to the reader 
as affording a strong probability whom the poet had in his 
eye in one of these characters, and that once ascertained, 
there will be no great difficulty im conjecturing whom he 
intended by the other, When the representative of the 
abinog doyog is required to reply to the animated descrip- 
tion given of the olden time, and the system of educa- 
tion then pursued, the requisition is made in the following 
terms : — 

TIpd¢ obv 740’, & Konporpera podoav Exur, 
Aci ce Aéyew 7 Katvov. 


Can any one compare this with a verse in one of our au- 
_ thor’s plays (Eq. 17), — 


Tlé¢ dv obv rot’ elroy’ Gv abrd dita Kompevpimixds ; 


—and with the epithet attached in another of his plays to 
one or two persons whom Euripides brings forward, as 
specimens of the class of persons naturally generated by 
the general construction of his dramas, and not feel a strong 
suspicion that by the Adicologus of this scene is meant no 
other than the bard himself? In a play, indeed, of which 
the almost paramount object was to expose and bring into 


NOTES. 191 
contempt that sophistic eloquence and system of chicanery 
which were working so much mischief in the Athenian 
courts of law, who was so likely to occupy a conspicuous 
place as the poet, who, from the nature of the speeches 
for and against, which continually occur in his dramas, was 
expressly stigmatized as moras énuation Sixannov? ... « 
Generally speaking, no philosophic opinion is, in the Aris- 
tophanic comedies, ascribed to Socrates, which is not also 
attributed to Euripides, and the poet’s lash rarely falls upon 
the one in this respect, without a blow being at the same 
time inflicted on the other. Is it, therefore, likely, that, in a 
drama written almost for the purpose of bringing the new 
philosophic opinions before the Attic public, Socrates should 
occupy so prominent a part in the piece as he evidently 
does, and that his fellow philosophist should be thrown 
wholly into the background?” The ingenious critic con- 
tinues his observations, and shows why Socrates is made 
the object of such overwhelming ridicule in the preceding 
part, and why the poet assumes so much of gravity in the 
remainder of the drama. His remarks are too long to be 
cited here. He thus concludes : —“ It remains only to add, 
that if the Adicologus of the play be what he has here been 
supposed to be, the Diczologus of the piece can be no other 
than the poet Aéschylus. They both would appear on the 
stage in the highest possible external as well as internal 
contrast — Aischylus in the severe and simple costume of 
the olden time, of which he is the representative, Eu- 
ripides tricked out in all the finery which the robe-maker 
and the jeweller could supply — would follow as a matter 
of course.” 

891. "IP ono yortec, Go whither thou wilt. These 
words are quoted from the Telephus of Euripides. One 
of the characters in which he says to Menelaus, “J@ ozos 
Losers * ovx dnohovper tig ois “Ederyg ovvexce. 


192 NOTES. 


897, 898. dia... . avorrove, through these blockheads, 
pointing to Socrates and his school. 

906, 907. rovti.... xaxdr, this evil goes on; that is, the 
mischievous stacties of denying the existence of justice and 
of the gods. A similar expression occurs in the Wasps, 
1. 1483. 


Tovrt xat 6) xwpel 70 KaKov. 


— ddre po Lexcryr, give me the bowl. The speaker is al- 
ready so disgusted, that he can hardly stand such offensive 
doctrines any longer. 

908. Tupoyégoy, a vaporing old fellow, a dotard. 

910. “Poda pw stgnxas, You have spoken roses of me, that 
is, you have paid me the highest possible compliments. 
Your words are sweet as roses. 

912. Xovoq ... . ytyvooxerg, You don’t know that you 
are pininlane me Secs gold ; that is, you don’t seem to 
be aware that these qualities which you reproach me with I 
prize like jewels; that in fixing them upon me you are 
loading me, as it were, with golden ornaments. 

915. Ogacds ei modov, Thou art very impudent. For 
the construction of the genitive, see Matt. Gr. Gr., § 317.— 
apyaios, antiquated, an antediluvian. 

916. gorrav, to frequent the school. 

920-924. 30 .... Iavdelereiovg.. Upon these lines Her- 
mann observes: — “Sententia his subest hee: qui mala 
ista dicendi artificia et subtiles fallacias doceant, jam mul- 
tum pecunie corradere, vitamque agere lautam et splendi- 
dam, olim autem contemptos fuisse et vix habuisse unde 
victum parerent: id ei carpendi Euripidis opportunitatem 
prebet, cujus Telephum, multa subtiliter disputantem, sen- 
tentias Pandeleteas ex pera vorare dicit.” Tylegoc.... 
gaoxor, Saying that you were Telephus, the Mysian. The 
poet is here aiming a blow at Euripides, who, in one of his 


NOTES. 193 - 


dramas, the Telephus, introduced Telephus, king of Mysia, 
limping, and in a beggar’s garb; he had been wounded by 
Achilles, and was told by the oracle that he could only. be 
healed by him who had inflicted the wound. For that 
reason he sought his way, in a beggar’s garb, to Thes- 
saly, where the cure was performed; to this character he 
compares the once beggarly and now rich philosophers 
and rhetoricians. Pandeletus also is spoken of as a person 
of infamous character, a sycophant, a busybody, and a lover 
of litigation. He was introduced in some of the pieces of 
Cratinus. 

925. "2 wo .... éuriobys, Alas for the wisdom which 
you have called to mind! that is, Ah me! I am sorry you 
have no better use to put your learning to, than the defence 
of such musty notions; or perhaps better in a satirical 
sense, — Ah me! what a wise one you are! 

929. Kodvog ov, being old as Cronos,—old as the hills, 
musty, antiquated. 

936. roc... . édiSacxes, what you were accustomed to 
teach men of former times. Observe the force of the im- 
perfect. As they were about to come to blows for the pos- 
session of the young man, the Chorus intercedes and pro- 
poses to listen to their arguments in alternate succession; an 
arrangement which the combatants accede to. 

950. yroporimog peginvas, notion-hammering studies, — 
studies which hammer out philosophical and poetical con- 
ceptions. 

955. Nov... . cogiag, Now comes the perilous crisis, — 
the trial and turning-point of wisdom. 

With regard to the following discourse upon ancient edu- 
cation, Ranke, as quoted by Mitchell, says, —“ Equidem 
eum, qui hance orationem sine admiratione legere, qui si 
legerit, de viri virtute veraque nobilitate etiam tum dubi 
tans, poete amore non inflammatus, ejus comediarum le 
gendarum et ediscendarum cupidine non incensus, abire ac 

17 


194 NOTES. 


discedere potest, eum inquam equidem non omni solum 
sensu omnique ratione cassum, sed morum perversorum 
amatorem adeo esse judico. Nullum unquam poetam nee 
majorem nec sanctiorem fuisse quam nostrum Aristophanem 
ex hac oratione discimus.” 

962. owpooovrn, temperance, in its most extended signifi- 
cation ; “aizia tov xouteivy tov émOvpior, zat v20 pndemras 
iSobns Soviovcb0 aie xooping Cir.” Diog. Laert.—vevdu- 
910, was in repute, was in vogue, was the fashion. 

964. sig x:Oaguotod, to the school of the harp-player. 'The 
two great branches of ancient Greek education were music 
and gymnastics. The great influence attributed to the 
former in refining -and elevating the mind is testified to in 
many passages of Greek literature. Pindar’s language is 
express and strong upon the point. The subject is most 
fully discussed by Plato, especially in the Republic. “The 
importance of music, in the education of the Greeks, is gen- 
erally understood. It was employed to effect several pur- 
poses. First, to soothe and mollify the fierceness of the 
national character, and prepare the: way for the lessons of 
the poets, which, delivered amid the sounding of melodious 
strings, when the soul was rapt and elevated by harmony, by 
the excitement of numbers, by the magic of the sweetest 
associations, took a firm hold upon the mind, and generally 
retained it during life. Secondly, it enabled the citizens 
gracefully to perform their part in the amusements of social 
life, every person being in his turn called upon at entertain- 
ments to sing or play upon the lyre. Thirdly, it was neces- 
sary to enable them to join in the sacred choruses, rendered 
frequent by the piety of the state, and for the due perform- 
ance in old age of many offices of religion, the sacerdotal 
character belonging more or less to all the citizens of 
Athens. Fourthly, as much of the learning of a Greek 
was martial, and designed to fit him for defending his coun- 
try, he required some knowledge of music, that on the field 


NOTES. = 195 


of battle his voice might harmoniously mingle with those of 
his countrymen in chanting those stirring, impetuous, and 
terrible melodies, called pzans, which preceded the first 
shock of fight.” St. John, Manners and Customs of An- 
cient Greece, Vol. I, p. 184. The whole chapter on Ele- 
mentary Instruction is a very able summary of the subject. 
See also Jacobs’s Discourse on the Moral Education of the 
Greeks, in the “ Classical Studies,” pp. 315, 354. 

The whole subject of gymnastics is learnedly expounded 
by Krause in his Gymnastik und.Agonistik der Hellenen, 
2 vols. 

965. Tors xwpryrac, Those in the same quarter of the 
town, neighbors. x0py means not only hamlet, but quarter 
of the city. — xpoywody (xpipvor, barley-bran), if it snowed 
like barley-bran, if the snow came down like barley-bran. 
“Mischievous no doubt the boys of Hellas were, as boys 
will everywhere be, and many pranks would they play in 
spite of the crabbed old slaves set over them by their 
parents; on which account, probably, it is that Plato con- 
siders boys, of all wild beasts, the most audacious, plotting, 
fierce, and intractable. But the urchins now found that it 
was one thing to nestle under mamma’s wing at home, and 
another to delve, under the direction of a didaskalos, and at 
school-hours, after the bitter roots of knowledge. For the 
school-boys of Greece tasted very little of ‘the sweets of 
bed after dawn. ‘They rose with the light, says Lucian, 
‘and with pure water washed away the remains of sleep 
which still lingered on their eyelids.’ Having breakfasted 
on bread and fruit, to which, through the allurements of 
their pedagogues, they sometimes added wine, they sallied 
forth to the didaskaleion, or schoolmaster’s lair, as the comic 
poets jocularly termed it, summer and winter, whether the 
morning smelt of balm, or was deformed by sleet or snow 
drifting like meal from a sieve down the rocks of the 
Acropolis. 


196 NOTES. 


“ Aristophanes has left us a picture, dashed off with his 
usual grotesque vigor, of a troop of Attic lads marching on 
a winter’s morning to school. 


“¢ Now will I sketch the ancient plan of training, 
When justice was in vogue and wisdom flourished. 
First, modesty restrained the youthful voice, 

So that no brawl was heard. In order ranged, 
The boys from all the neighborhood appeared, 
Marching to school, naked, though down the sky 
Tumbled the flaky snow like flour from sieve. 
Arrived, and seated wide apart, the master 
First taught them how to chant Athena’s praise, 
“ Pallas unconquered, stormer of cities!” or 
‘Shout far resounding,” in the selfsame notes 
Their fathers learned. And if, through mere conceit, 
Some innovation-hunter strained his throat 
With scurril lays mincing and quavering, 

Like any Siphnian or Chian fop, — 

As is too much the fashion since that Phrynis 
Brought o’er Ionian airs, — quickly the scourge 
Rained on his shoulders blows like hail, as one 
Plotting the Muses’ downfall. In the Palestra 
Custom required them decently to sit, 

Decent to rise, smoothing the sandy floor, 

Lest any traces of their form should linger 
Unsightly on the dust. When in the bath, 
Grave was their manner, their behavior chaste. 
At table, too, no stimulating dishes, 

Snatched from their elders, such as fish or anise, 
Parsley or radishes, or thrushes, roused 

The slumbering passions.’ 


“The object of sending boys to school was twofold: first, 
to cultivate and harmonize their minds by arts and litera- 
ture; secondly, so to occupy them that no time could be 
allowed for evil thoughts and habits. On this account, Aris- 
totle, enumerating Archytas’s rattle among the principal 
toys of children, denominates education the rattle of boys. 
In order, too, that its effect might be the more sure and per- 


NOTES. — 197 


manent, no holidays or vacations appear to have been al 
lowed, while irregularity or lateness of attendance was 
severely punished. The theories broached by Montaigne, 
Locke, and others, that boys are to be kept in order by 
reason and persuasion, were not anticipated by the Athe- 
nians. They believed, that, to reduce the stubborn will to 
obedience, and enforce the wholesome laws of discipline, 
masters must be armed with the power of correction, and 
accordingly their teachers and gymnasiarchs checked with 
stripes the slightest exhibition of stubbornness or indocility.” 
St. John, Vol. L., pp. 167-169. 
967. This line contains the first words of two old poems. 

“ Tladiada negoénoiuw Sewer” is the beginning of a song by 
Lamprocles, the son of Midon, an ancient Athenian poet. 
One stanza of it is preserved by the scholiast in two 
forms : — 

TlaaAada mepoérody Kayo rodepnadéxov dyvav, 

Tlaida Awe peyadov dayacurrov: 


TlaArada repoérodiy, dear Oedv, typexddoryov, 

TlorexAy Ga, moAeuadéxov, dyvav 

Tlaida Awe peyadov dayaoirnov, 
Of this strain Mitchell says,—“Its broad, massive, and 
sonorous diction presents a strong contrast to the lighter and 
more attenuated forms of speech which it was the object of 
Euripides and the new school to introduce into lyric strains 
and to which corresponding harmonies being set, no smal 
mischief must have followed in a town where music formed 
so large a branch of public education.” The second, TyAé 
mogov t Boupea, is said by the scholiast to be taken from one 
of the poems of Cydias, a poet of Hermione. A single 
word more, Avgag, is all of it that is preserved. 

968. ’Evtewapevorg tiv aguovicy. “Harmonia utentes 
‘mtensa et mascula, non vero molli et fracta.” Kuster. “Ti 
1G" 


198 NOTES. 


xIAQKY, 0S GLPTOVOY OVENS THs Muhais aouorinc, OVX aPEt- 
perns, ws oi véor émterdyoar.” Schol. 

970. Bopohoyedoour’, from Booyodozog, which was originally, 
as its etymology indicates, applied to persons who loitered 
about altars, to pick up or beg the remnants of the sacrifice 
for a meal; then, to-persons who were ready to play the 
buffoon for the sake of a meal; according to Passow, the 
verb is here used with reference to the degenerated music 
of the age of Aristophanes, which had departed from its 
ancient simple and earnest character, and now courted the 
applause of the multitude by every kind of artifice. Trans- 
late this and the following line, Jf any one of them played off 
vulgar artifices, or turned a winding bout, like these hard- 
turned cadences that the present artists make, after the man-~ 
ner of Phrynis. Phrynis was a musician from Mitylene, 
and is said to have gained the prize in a musical contest at 
the Panathenaic festival, in the archonship of Callias. 
“The writings of Plato,” says Mitchell, “as well as of Aris- 
tophanes, are full of references to a great revolution which 
about this time was taking place in the national music of 
Athens, and which, by substituting a lighter and more 
effeminate style for the solemn and masculine one which had 
hitherto prevailed, was effecting a great corruption of pub- 
lic manners. At the head of this school were the persons 
in the text, Cinesias, Melanippides, and others.” 

972. ’Emergibero .... aqavitwy (understand mdyya¢ after 
moliac), He was soundly thrashed with many blows, as scar- 
ing the Muses away. 

973. "Ev nadorpiBov. The madorgifys was the teacher 
of bodily exercises, — the educator of the body, as the xJa- 
gtorys was one of the educators of the mind. —zov pyodr 

... p0paitoba, “pretenta tunica vel pretento cingulo, 
JSemora obtegere.” Brunck. “tovréctiv, evnxocpiws xabecbijvat, 
ag pydér toig meguotmow vmtodei$cu axocpor.” Sch. 

975, 976. Ei’... . xazadeinew. A scholiast says, — 


NOTES. “199 


“ GUUPTCML, APT TOU GVYYeou THY KOVY, OE fH OHULOP, 7} TUTOY 
anoleinecbcu taig xabidpais* &v yaQ Wamp Lenrorery éyvpra- 
Corto. Karéwoow 82 rov rozor, omov éxabéCorro, va pn onusiov 
tis npys éavtowv xaradeipeav toig iguotaig* mageyivorto yag, 
OTE yUuVOvS OLEY TOS EQ~pEVOVS.” - 

981-983. Oud’... . é&vadda& The poet is describing 
certain kinds of food which the youth of an earlier and 
more disciplined age were not allowed to eat, on account of 
their supposed heating qualities. xepadawy tig dapavridog, 
radish-head. dryfov, dill. céhuwor, celery. owogayeir, to 
eat fish, fish being used as a relish and a luxury. It is re- 
marked by Athenzus, that the heroes of Homer are never 
represented as eating fish. xvgiCew means both to indulge 
in tittering, to giggle, and to eat xiydac, a species of bird 
called the thrush; the poet probably chose the word on ac- 
count of this twofold meaning, intimating that both were 
improper for the young, and were carefully avoided in 
former times. ovd togew to 200 évaddak, nor to keep the 
feet crossed, or nor to sit cross-legged. It is singular that 
this attitude should be mentioned as among the bad manners 
of the poet’s time. Among the remains of ancient art there 
is, perhaps, not one representing a man, woman, god, or 
demon sitting cross-legged. 

984, 985. *Apyaia.... Bovgoviwr. The answer of Adi- 
cologus contains expressions of the strongest contempt for 
the opinions of his opponent. He stigmatizes them as too 
old, musty, antiquated, and antediluvian, to be held in a 
moment’s respect by a man of sense. uztodiddy, from Ai- 
m0)a, the name of a very ancient feast held in honor of 
Zevg [olueve, -— Diipolia-like, that is, antiquated. tettiyow 
dvipeota, full of grasshoppers. The most ancient Athenians 
wore golden grasshoppers in their hair, as emblems of their 
claim to the character of aboriginal inhabitants of the land. 
Cecides was an old dithyrambic poet, mentioned, it is said, 
by Cratinus; Sternhold and Hopkins, perhaps, would be 


200° ° NOTES. 


the modern English equivalent. xai Bovgoviaw. The fol- 
lowing account is given by Mitchell, from Creuzer, of this 
very ancient festival. ‘“ Among the laws given by Tripto- 
lemus to the Athenians, three more especially remarkable 
were, ‘ Reverence your elders,’ ‘ Honor the gods by offerings 
of the first-fruits, ‘Hurt not the laboring beast,’ i. e. the 
beast employed in agriculture. The first who offended 
against this latter command was a person named Thaulon, 
who, at the feast of the Zedg Ioduevs, observing a steer eat- 
ing the sacred mozavoy on the altar, took up an axe and 
slew the trespasser. The expiation feast (Sovqdra) insti- 
tuted for the purpose of atoning for this involuntary offence, 
it was found afterwards expedient to continue. The cere- 
monies observed in it are not a little amusing. First was 
brought water by females appointed for the office, for the — 
purpose of sharpening the axe and knife with which the 
slaughter was to be committed. One of these females hav- 
ing handed the axe to the proper functionary, the latter 
felled the beast, and then took to flight. To slay the beast 
outright was the office of a third person. All present then 
partook of the flesh The meal finished, the hide was 
stuffed, and the beast, apparently restored to life, was put 
to the plough. Now commenced the steer-trial. A judicial 
assembly was held in the Prytaneum, to which all were 
summoned who had been partakers in the above transac- 
tion. Each lays the blame upon the other. The water- 
bearers throw the guilt upon the sharpeners of the axe and 
knife; the sharpener of the knife casts it upon the person 
delivering it to the feller of the beast; the feller of the 
beast upon the actual slaughterer, while this last ascribes 
the whole guilt to the knife itself. The knife, unable to 
speak, is found guilty and thrown into the sea.” ‘This is 
apparently the origin of the modern deodand. 

985, 986. 2AAV .... EOgewer, But yet these are the things 
by which my training nurtured the men who fought at Mar- 


NOTES. | 201 


athon. The reverence cherished -by the Athenians for the 
men who fought at Marathon is well illustrated in the fol-- 
lowing passage from Wordsworth’s “ Pictorial Greece.” 
“To the traveller who visits the plain of Marathon at this 
day, the two most attractive and interesting objects are the 
Tumulus or mound, which has been described as standing 
between the two Marshes, and about half a mile from the 
- sea; and, at a distance of a thousand yards to the north of 
this, the substructions of a square building, formed of large 
blocks of white marble, which now bears the name of Pyr- 
gos or Tower. Beneath the former lie the remains of the 
one hundred and ninety-two Athenians who fell in the bat- 
tle; the latter is the trophy of Miltiades. To bury these’ 
‘heroes on the spot where they fell was wise and noble. 
The body of Callimachus, the leader of the right wing, was 
interred among them; and as they fought arranged by tribes 
in the field, so they now lie in the same order in this tomb. 
Even the spectator of these days, who comes from a distant 
land, will feel an emotion of awe, when looking upon the 
simple monument, with which he seems as it were to be left 
alone on this wide and solitary plain; nor will he wonder 
that the ancient inhabitants of this place revered those who 
lie beneath it as beings more than human, — that they heard 
the sound of arms and the neighing of horses around it, in 
the gloom of the night, and that the greatest orator of the 
ancient world swore by those who lay buried at Marathon, 
as if they were gods.” — pp. 113, 114. 

In 1853, I had the great pleasure of visiting the field of. 
Marathon and of riding over the battle-ground. Herodo- 
tus describes it with perfect accuracy, as a place most suita- 
ble for the evolutions of cavalry. The mound was opened 
at the top, and on the sides were a few small trees and 
shrubs. The plain is still uninhabited, except at the old 
monastery of Vrana, and the little hamlet of Marathona; 
but the swiking beauty of the scenery around — the moun- 


202 NOTES. 


tains which shut it in, the Eubcean strait and the island be 
yond, the blue sea—form an assemblage of picturesque 
features which the eye is never wearied with gazing upon: 
while the great associations of history people the solitude 
with mighty forms, and fill the silence with the solemn 
voices of the past. 

In further illustration of this passage, we may give part 
of the words in the oath above alluded to. It occurs in the 
Oration .on the Crown. ’42V ovx gotw, odx éotw Omtmg 
qucorere, avdoes “AOyvaior, tov vig tis andvtow éevbeping 
nat ooryoiag xidvvov apdperor* od pa tovg évy Magaban 
mooxwduvevourtas TOY MpOyOre”, xai Tors év TThataumig nagu- 
cutupevors, xai tors évy Sahapin verwayjourtac, #. Td. 

987. & ination .... évtervdizOc, to be wrapped up in the 
himatia. These garments were not worn by the young in 
the earlier and simpler days of Athens. 

988, 989. "Rote... . Teitoyeveing. The allusion here is 
to a procession of young men during the great Panathenaic 
festival, when those taking part in it were allowed to wear 
their arms. It was on this occasion that Harmodius and 
Aristogeiton attempted to slay Hippias and Hipparchus, — 
an attempt the history of which is given by Thucydides, VI. 
57. It would seem that in former times, “it had been the 
custom to protect the breast only with the shield; in the days 
of Aristophanes, let it suffice to say, that the shield was 
applied also to the covering of the lower parts.” Mitchell. 
“ Juvenes armati, qui pompam prosequebantur, erant, nudi 
brachiis et cruribus, sago brevi induti; et antiquitus clypeis 
pectus tegebant, non inferiores partes, quod nune fiebat 
(pravo pudore, cujus expertes erant proavi innocentes.”) 
Wieland. cued tio Terroyereing Bergler explains “non 
respicit Palladem, nec pudet eum, saltantem in festo Palla- 
dis cum armis, ad tegendum veretrum uti clypeo; quum 
enim clypeus sit gestamen Palladis, ipsa dea (virgo) dede- 
core aflicitur, cum ejus arma ita dehonestantur.” 


NOTES. 203 


991. xal Paudaveiow amiyecO, and to abstain from baths. 
The reason why baths are so often spoken of as deserving 
of censure, and as corrupting the manners of the people, 
is, that, instead of being the simple means of health and 
cleanliness, as they had been in former times, they were 
now become magnificent establishments, resorted to by the 
idle and the vicious, who passed whole days there, and 
made them the scenes of every species of debauchery. The 
modern word bagnio owes its meaning to similar facts. 

995. om.... dvandertew, because you mean to form an 
image of modesty. The passage is an obscure one, and 
many various readings have been suggested. Bothe reads 
Om... pedheg.... avanigosv, and takes avanhyjoew in 
the sense explained by Suidas, to pollute ; which will pollute 
the beauty (or ornament) of thy modesty. Hermann has 
the same reading with the exception of pédde, and under- 
stands mow» after 6 1,— doing which, you will pollute the 
beauty of your modesty. Bothe compares this use of 
avaninOew with the German vollmachen, which is sometimes 
used with the meaning of to pollute. But the reading in the * 
text seems to be the best and most poetic. There is a pas- 
sage in Demosthenes, Contra Aristog. 780, which illustrates 
the passage and the meaning above assigned to it. In 
speaking of the religious feelings which have led men every- 
where to raise altars and build temples to the gods, he 
adds, —“ xo Aixys ye, xai Evvopiac, xai Aidovs sicily énacw 
avOgodmorg Popot, oi wiv xaAALOTOL xaL ayYLOTATOL éP 
QUT] tT] wvyy éxdortov xai ty pvoes.” Kock adopts 
another reading, 6 rz t7¢ Aidovs pélle téyolwe nadécoes, 
which shall befoul the figure of Modesty. 

997. Mid. “crt tov "Egwr,” says the scholiast ; since 
the apple is sacred to Venus. Virgil’s 


“Malo me Galatea petit lascivia puella,” 


refers to the same thing. 


204 ; NOTES. 


~ 


998, 999. yd’ "Iamerov . . . « qhuxtav, nor, calling your 
father, “ Japetus,” reproach him with his age. Japetus was 
the brother of Cronus, and therefore, like that, means a 
musty old fellow, an old quiz. The last part of the passage 
is differently explained by Schiitz,— to resent the chastise- 
ments which you have endured in childhood. It means, 
rather, to deal harshly or angrily with the age (that is, the 
old age) of him by whom your infancy was sustained. Ly- 
eoteogeir, constructed in the active voice with an accusative, 
means to support in old age. See Demosthenes, Contra 
Timoc. 763: Tov & éavrod matépa ovtm ynoorgogei. 

1001. Toig .... Bhitoucupar, You will be like the sons of 
Hippocrates, and they will call you booby. The sons of 
Hippocrates, like the sons of many other great men, were 
as famous for their stupidity as their father was for his 
wisdom. The scholiast says,—‘“Ovroi siot Tedeoutmoc, 
Ayjpogar, Tegixdis, SiucBaddoueros sig vodiav, These are Tele- 
stppus, Domophon, and Pericles, ridiculed for their HOG- 
GisHNEss. The similarity of the sounds of vigow, and the 
dative voiy of vg, a swine, enabled the poet to make this 
point in the present passage. Piitoucupag is a compound 
of Biizoy, the name of an insipid herb, orach, and udppa, a 
child’s word for mother. It means something like mammy’s 
darling, little ninny, idiot, and the like. 

1003. zyiBodextganed, from rpiBodog, a triple point, and 
sometimes the point of a joke, or epigram, and éxrgdmehog, 
unusual or unnatural. The compound seems to signify 
forced sarcasms,— such as a person who has a reputation 
for being what is called sarcastic thinks it is his duty to 
seek occasions for making, — stale witticisms. 

1004. OvS ... . yluoxourtioyekemitginto’, Nor when 
called to trial on alittle suit, that may by slippery arts be 
turned to the opponent's ruin. Many examples of words 
made up of many, in this fashion, occur in Aristophanes. 
This is compounded of yiiozgog, avtidoyia, and éenirpuros. 


NOTES. 205 


1005. "Aid... .. dtoboéte, But, descending to the Acad 
emy, you shall run beneath the sacred olives. The Academy 
was situated a short distance from Athens, on the Cephissus, 
and was so called from its original owner, Academus, who, 
according to a scholiast, left his property to ornament the 
place. It was afterwards a gymnasium, adorned by Cimon 
with trees, and walks, and fountains. “ Here was an altar 
to the Muses, with statues of the Graces by Speusippus, a 
sanctuary of Minerva, an altar of Prometheus (the Light- 
bringing), of Cupid, of Hercules, and others. Here Plato, 

who possessed a country-seat (called Cephissia) in the 
- neighborhood, gave his instructions; and after him all his 
followers. Long was the silent sanctuary of Philosophy ob- 
served and spared even by foes; till Sylla caused its beauti- 
ful row of planes to be cut down, and converted into 
machines for war. The Academy, however, was repaired, 
and flourished till the time of Julian.” Mitchell. 

The pogic, or sacred olives, were the olives in the Acad- 
emy, derived, according to the Attic legend, from the olive 
planted by Athena after her victory over Poseidon. The 
name refers to their partition from the original stock. 
Wordsworth says, —“ All the Athenian olives were thus 
conceived to be the offspring of one sacred parent; they 
were the offspring of the will of Minerva; the sanctity of 
the parent serving to protect its offspring. Of the parent’s 
sanctity proofs even historical were offered, and as willingly 
accepted by the Athenians This original olive-tree was 
burnt to the ground by the Persians, when they took the 
Acropolis ; its site was subsequently visited on the same 
day ; the tree was then found to have shot forth fresh 
sprouts, two cubits in height.” As to arace in the Academy, 
Mitchell truly observes, — “A foot-race, and almost a foot- 
fall, in such a place, may at first, perhaps, startle the 
reader; but it must be remembered, that, at the time the 
Clouds was exhibited, the Academy was a place devoted 

18 


206 NOTES. 


to bodily, not to mental amusements. The genius of Plato 
had yet to sanctify it as the abode of intellectual attain- 
ments.” The valley of the Cephissus is still covered with 
olive grove, and a few fragments of sculpture and archi- 
tecture mark the site of the Academy. 

1007. angaypoovrng, leisure. “To live in the odor of 
angaynoovry at Athens must have been almost as fortunate 
as dying in the odor of sanctity in the Papal Church.” 
Mitchell. The pleasure of doing nothing — the dolce far 
niente —is not yet forgotten in Athens, nor anywhere 
else. 

1008. wiazavog. “Magnam vero loco jucunditatem fa- 
ciebant platani excelse cubitorum triginta sex, quas laudat 
Plinius.” Brucker. 

Diceologus closes this part of the dialogue by presenting 
contrasted pictures of the physical, moral, and intellectual 
effects of the two opposite systems. He does this in such a 
way as to satirize the public and private vices of the Athe- 
nian people. The Antimachus mentioned in line 1022 was 
a person often held up to contempt by the comic writers for 
his dissoluteness and unnatural vices. 

1035. yélwr ogiijoeg, tncur laughter, become an object of 
ridicule. 

1051. ‘Hecxie dovrec; A scholiast upon these words 
thus discourses : — “ Ibycus says, that Vulcan made a gift to 
Hercules of a bath of warm water, from which some affirm 
that warm baths are called Herculean ; but others say that 
Athena sent up warm baths for Hercules when fatigued 
with his toils; Peisander, for example, writes, ‘And the 
blue-eyed Athena made for him, at Thermopyle, a warm 
bath, on the shore of the sea.’” Brunck says, — “ Aquas 
natura calidas, Jeguar areyrva pevpuata, Herculis balnea vo- 
cabant.” The hot springs of Thermopyle still serve the 
weary traveller, to refresh him after a hard days’ ride, on a 
Thessalian steed, over the mountains. They are put also to 


NOTES. 207 


a very practical use by the present proprietor — they turn a 
corn-mill night and day, grinding for the inhabitants of 
many neighboring villages. 

1063. ‘O.... payopar, Peleus, on this account received 
the sword. The allusion is to a story of Peleus, according 
to which Hippolyta, the wife of Acastus, king of Iolcos, in 
Thessaly, fell in love with him, and, meeting with the same 
sort of treatment that Potiphar’s wife received from Joseph, 
had recourse to similar means of vengeance. Acastus 
caused him to be carried to a solitary spot, stripped off his 
arms, and then exposed to wild beasts. And when he was 
on the point of being torn in pieces, the gods sent Hermes 
to him with a sword of Hephzstean workmanship, by 
means of which he escaped the danger. * 

1065, 1066. ‘YnéoBodog .... payxougar, But Hyperbolus, 
he of the lamps, got by his villany many a talent (literally, 
more than many talents), but not a sword, no, by Zeus, O, 
no! Hyperbolus was a lamp-maker, who acquired wealth, © 
and was accused of cheating his customers in the materials 
of his lamps. He became a noted demagogue. 

1070. xgormmos, “a prodigious old dolt.” It is by a simi- 
lar use of the word imaog in addition that we get a sense 
to such expressions as the following in the Aristophanic 
writings. Pac. 180, ixmoxarfupog. Ran. 820, djal inmnopa- 
pova.” Mitchell. Compare the English, “a horse-laugh.” 

1073. xorraéBor. The cottabus was a social game intro- 
duced from Sicily into Greece. In its simplest form, one 
of the company threw from a goblet a certain quantity of 
pure wine into a metal basin, so as not to spill any of it, 
thinking of or pronouncing the name of his mistress in the 
mean time, drawing conclusions with regard to the feelings 
of the object of his love from the sound with which the 
liquid struck against the metal basin. Another form of the 
eottabus is described by Athenzus. Small empty bowls 


208. - NOTES. 


were set in a basin of water, and the person who sunk the 
greatest number by throwing wine from his goblet, obtained 
the prize. A third form is described by Suidas. A piece 
of wood was set in the ground, and another laid horizontally 
across it, with two dishes hanging from each end; under 
each dish a vessel of water was placed, and in each of these 
a gilt brazen statue called ywavyg. Those who were playing 
the game endeavored to throw wine from a goblet into 
one of the dishes, so that it might fall upon the head of the 
statue under the water. He who spilled the least wine 
gained the victory, and thus knew that he was beloved by 
his mistress. A fourth kind is described by Pollux, the 
scholiast on Aristophanes, and Atheneus. The paryg was 
placed upon a pillar like a candelabrum, and the dish hang- 
ing over it must, by means of wine projected from the 
goblet, be thrown upon it, and thence fall into a basin filled 
with water, which from this fall gave forth a sound; and he 
who produced the clearest ring was the victor, and received 
prizes consisting of eggs, cakes, and sweetmeats. The 
chief object to be accomplished in all the various modifica- 
tions of the cottabus was to throw the wine out of the 
goblet in such a manner that it should remain together and 
nothing be spilled, and that it should produce the purest 
and strongest possible sound in the place where it was 
thrown. In Sicily the popularity of this game was so great, 
that houses were built for the special purpose of playing 
the cottabus in them. See Dictionary of Greek and Roman 
Antiquities, p. 295. 

1081. yrz0, literally, less than, that is, under the influ- 
ence of, or overcome by. 

1083. Ti.... 07; This refers to the punishment in- 
flicted on adulterers, which is thus described by the schol- 
iast: — “ dagparidag AeuBavortes xabieouy sig todg mewxtovg 
TOTO, Xai Tapatiddortes adtOods, TEQQaY OEQuIY émemuccor, 
Bactkvoug inuvag épyalouevor.” 


NOTES. ee oie 


1084, "Eke tive yroipnv déyew, What philosophicul idea 
will he have to prove ? 

1089. Sveyyopovow éx rive ; From whom do the council- 
lors come? And so the questions which follow. For an 
account of the public ovrzyogo, see Schémann on the 
Assemblies of the Athenians, pp. 204, 245. 

1097. Kati 8% oxone, Well, then, I’m looking. Diczolo- 
gus looks round upon the spectators, and recognizes first 
one rake and then another, until, giving up the contest in 
despair, he confesses himself conquered, strips off his hima- 
tion, throws it over among the stronger party, and deserts 
to their side. 

1108. imi pév Océrega, on one side. 

1109. Otay dimdiow, supply orduncor tiv yrabor, Sharpen 
his jaw for small suits. — tiv 8 érégauy avrov yrabor, and his 
other jaw, instead of the jaw on the other side. 

1113. Xwgeité vvv. This is addressed by the Chorus to 
Strepsiades and Phidippides. As they go off, the Chorus 
address the warning words Olwa S¢, &c., to Strepsiades. 
By some editors, as Brunck and Bothe, these words are 
assigned to Strepsiades. But Bekker, Hermann, Schiitz, 
Dindorf, and Mitchell give them as in the text. The lines 
which follow form another parabasis, or address to the spec- 
tators, expressing the views of the poet. 

1115. Tovg xgitacg, The judges, that is, the persons ap- 
pointed by the archon to act as judges in the theatrical con- 
tests. See Theatre of the Greeks, pp. 107, 108. 

1116. &% tov Sixaior, justly ; a frequent construction of 
the genitive of an adjective with the preposition éx in the 
sense of an adverb. 

1120. éouBoiar, too much rain. 

1123. ix tov ywpiov, from his farm; as we say in Eng- 
lish, Ais place, meaning his estate in the country, his farm. 

(1125. cparddvuis, literally, slings, used metaphorically for 
hail. 
18* 


210 NOTES. 


1126. mhuwBevorr’, making brick. 

1128. tov Evyyeror, supply to. 

1129. “Yoouer tiv viuta nacav, We will rain the whole 
night. The poet alludes to the hymeneal procession which 
accompanied the bride to her husband’s house by torch- 
light. .A continued rain all night would be a serious mis- 
fortune on such an occasion. In the second volume of St. 
John’s Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece (Chap. I.) 
there is a minute and graphic account of the marriage cere- 
monies. After describing the preliminary rites, he pro- 
ceeds : — “ The performance of rites so numerous generally 
consumed the whole day, so that the shades of evening 
were falling before the bride should be conducted to her 
future home. This hour, indeed, according to some, was 
chosen to conceal the blushes of the youthful wife. And 
now commenced the secular portion of the ceremony. 
Numerous attendants, bearing lighted torches, ran in front 
of the procession, while bands of merry youths, dancing, 
singing, or playing on musical instruments, surrounded the 
nuptial car..... The celebration of nuptial rites generally 
puts people in good temper, at least for the first day ; and 
new-married women at Athens stood in full need of all 
they could muster to assist them through the crowd of cere- 
monies which beset the entrances to the houses of their 
husbands. Symbols of domestic labors, pestles, sieves, and 
so on, met the young wife’s eye on all sides. She herself, 
in all her pomp of dress, bore in her hands an earthen bar- 
ley parcher. But, to comfort her, very nice cakes of sesa- 
mum, with wine, and fruit, and other dainties innumerable, 
accompanied by gleeful and welcoming faces, appeared in 
the background, beyond the sieves and pestles. The hyme- 
neal lay, with sundry other songs, all redolent of joy and 
youth, resounded through halls now her own. Mirth and 
delight ushered her into the banqueting-room, where ap- 
peared a boy, covered with thorn-branches and oaken 


Worné. 211 


boughs laden with acorns, who, when the epithalamium chant- 
ers had ceased, recited an ancient hymn, beginning with the 
words, —‘I have escaped the worse and found the better.’ ” 

1129, 1130. wor’ tows Bovdijoerca xav iv Aiyiaty tvyzeir, 
%.t.%. For translation see note in the Appendix. Several 
learned reasons have been assigned for the poet’s choosing 
Egypt of all places in the world. One critic thinks it was 
because it never rained there; another, because the Egyp- 
tians were noted rogues, and to be in Egypt would be like 
falling into a robber’s den. But it was evidently a mere 
proverbial expression, equivalent to “I would see myself at 
the world’s end before I would do it.” Bothe gives, as a 
German equivalent, “Da mécht’ er sich lieber an den 
Blocksberg wiinschen,— He would sooner wish himself on 
the top of the Blocksberg.” 

1131, seqq. Strepsiades reappears, counting off the days 
with great anxiety. The reader must bear in mind, that 
the Attic month was divided into three decades, and that the 
days of the last decade were reckoned backward; so that 
the devréoa was the last day but one of the month, and was 
called devréga qiivortog. The éy te xai véa was a name 
given by Solon to the last day of the month, because “ dur- 
ing part of the day the moon was old, and for the remaining 
part new.” 

1136. Oeig por movrave?. This expression was equiva- 
lent to commencing a suit. It arose from a legal usage, 
thus explained by Boeckh:— “The Prytaneia both parties 
were required to deposit with the court previous to the 
commencement of a suit, like the Sacramentum among the 
Romans, unless the subject came within the province of a 
dixtetes; if the plaintiff neglected this, the officers who 
introduced the cause quashed the suit; he who lost his 
cause paid both the Prytaneia; that is, his own were for- 
feited, and he repaid the sum deposited by the winning 
party. The amount was accurately fixed, according to the 


212 ss NOTES. 


standard of the pecuniary interests involved in the cause: 
in suits for sums of from one hundred to one thousand 
drachmas, each party had to deposit three; in suits involy- 
ing sums from one thousand to ten thousand drachmas, the 
sum to be deposited was thirty drachmas; in greater sums, 
probably in the same proportion.” — Boeckh, Die Staats- 
haushaltung der Athener, Vol. IL, pp. 369, 370; English 
translation, p. 345, seqq. 

1146. rovrovi mparov Lape, take this first; that is, this 
bag of meal, which Strepsiades has brought for Socrates, 
according to his promise. See ante, 668, 669. 

1147. Koy.... diWacxahor, To pay some compliment to 
the master. 

1149. ov .... sionyayes, which you just now brought for- 
ward, and meaning the &dimog Adyog; but, according to 
some, it refers to the son, whom you lately led into the 
phrontistery. The former is probably the true meaning. 

1154-1156. Bodcouai .... toxwv. Strepsiades, over- 
joyed by the assurance of his son’s successful studies, 
breaks out in a rapturous strain of defiance to his creditors. 
OBolocrarat, obol-weighers, low, petty usurers. tagyair, 
principal, or capital. toxor toxwr, interest upon interest, 
i. e. compound interest. 

1167. “O8 éxeivog avio, Here’s your man. “The door of 
the school opens, and Phidippides returns to the stage, a 
singular mixture of phrontist and sophist. As the first, he 
is of course deadly pale, and his nose seems formed for no 
other purpose but to hang all the world upon it, except 
Socrates and Cherephon ; but the sharp features, the keen 
and cunning eye, the contemptuous smile that plays about 
the lips, and, above all, the bold, unabashed front, belong to 
the sophistic and predominant part of him. The embraces 
and other ebullitions of parental joy he receives as a phi- 
losopher should, with the utmost coolness and indifference.” 
Mitchell. , 


NOTES. 213 


1172. idsiv. For the construction of this infinitive, see 
Matt. Gr. Gr., § 535; Soph. Gr. Gr., § 222, 6. 

1172, 1173. é€agrytimdg xcdvtido0ydg. In illustration of 
these words, Mitchell aptly quotes from Ben Jonson :— 


“Men of that large profession that can speak 
To every cause, and things mere contraries, 
Till they are hoarse again, yet all be law! 
That with most quick agility can turn 
And re-turn; can make knots and then undo them; 
Give forked counsel, take provoking gold 
On either side and put it up.” 


1174. x0 vi Agyewe ov; The Athenians were noted and 
satirized for their inquisitive, prying disposition. Demos- 
thenes was very severe upon this weakness, and here Aris- 
tophanes calls the “zi Agyee od ;” what have you to say? 
or, what news? something native to the place, érzodguor. 
Or, according to another explanation, the “zi Aéyeu ov ;” 
refers to their affected way of asking questions, from a sort 
of pretended deafness, like the English “what say?” and 
this the young man now has, as well as the true Attic look, 
‘Artixov Biénoc, the impudent stare. In the succeeding 
dialogue, he puts his newly acquired faculties to immediate 
use, by quibbling upon the term, the old and new day. 

1189. xdijow, the summons. See ante, p. 153. 

1191. vovpyrig, on the new moon ; that is, the first day of 
the month. 

1192. “Ina... . mpooeOnuner ; And why did he tack on the 
old day ? 

1192-1195. “Iv’ . . . . vovpnria, That, my good Sir, the 
defendants, making their appearance one day earlier, might 
settle the matter of their own accord; if not, that they 
might be brought to the torture early in the morning of 
new-moon day; that is, that the suit might be pressed 
harder. 

1196, 1197. Ilag.... ve; Why, then, do not the magis- 


214 NOTES. 


trates receive the deposits on the new moon, but on the 
last day of the month? that is, why do they receive them 
one day earlier than they are entitled to by the laws of 
Solon? 

1198. "Ozeg... nadciv, They seem to me to have been af- 
fected as the public tasters are. The ngorérur were persons 
appointed to taste beforehand the meats that were used at 
feasts. See Athenzus, IV. 72; also St. John, Vol. IL, 
p- 177, n. 2. Phidippides says that the magistrates took 
their fees a day earlier, that they might taste their money 
beforehand, as the zgorévOat tasted the meats. 

1201-1203. Ed 7’.... vernouévor; Strepsiades is over- 
joyed at this specimen of his son’s ingenuity in the cheating 
art, and, turning upon the audience, abuses them in good 
‘set terms for their stupidity. ‘Hucreoa xéody tov copa», for 
xé00y jor ta” cooper (Soph. Gr. Gr., § 156, b). dguOpde, 
a mere number; like Horace’s “ Nos numerus sumus.” 
auopns veryopévot, jars heaped up. He compares the spec- 
tators, sitting on rows of seats rising one above another, to 
rows of vases in a potter’s shop, arranged on successive 
lines of shelves. 

1212. “AAV... . éotvaoat. Strepsiades here leads his 
son away to a feast.which he is about to give in honor of 
this great occasion. But Pasias, one of the usurers to 
whom Strepsiades is indebted, suddenly makes his appear- 
ance, talking the matter over with the person whom he has 
brought to witness the summons that he is going to serve 
upon his debtor. See ante, p. 156. 

1215, 1216. addla.... moaypara, but it would have been 
better at once to lay all delicacy aside, than to have this 
trouble. He means, that he regrets not having had the 
courage to refuse the money at first; for then he would 
nave been spared all the trouble and vexation that he is 
likely to incur by getting into a soem and going to law 
with his neighbor. 


NOTES. 215 


1220. *Arag.... xaraoyvra, But I will never disgrace 
my country ; that is, I will never, by relaxing one iota of my 
legal rights, discredit my birth, as a true citizen of Athens, 
that most litigious city. So he proceeds to serve the 
notice upon Strepsiades, and is encountered at once by 
the demurrer which the young sophist has previously sug- 
gested. 

1235. Kav .... Bell, I would e’en pay down three 
oboli more to swear. 

1237. ‘Alow.... oiroci, This fellow would be benefited, 
tf he were to be rubbed over with salt. He pretends to 
think the usurer out of his wits; rubbing with salt being, 
according to a scholiast, the treatment to which the insane 
were subjected. 

1238. “E§.... yooroerot, He will hold six choés. The 
choiis was an Attic measure of liquids, holding between five 
and six pints. He is speaking derisively, as if he were 
examining a goblet or amphora. 

1239, 1240. Ov .... xatangoita, By great Zeus and the 
other gods, you shall not abuse me with impunity. 

1241. Kai.... eiddow, And to the knowing ones, Zeus, 
sworn by, is ridiculous. 

1246. Ti.... deccev; This is addressed to the witness 
whom the usurer has brought with him. Strepsiades, in the 
mean time, has left the stage. In a few moments he re- 
appears with a xaégdomog, and plies his creditor with some 
of the philosophical and grammatical eeeens that he has 
himself learned. 

1252. Ovy, door yé wv eidéva, No, not as I know of. For 
the construction, see Matt. Gr. Gr., § 545; Soph. Gr. Gr., 
§ 223, 2. 

1253, 1254. Ovxovy ... . Gigac; Will you not be off, 
about the quickest, from my door? “Celeritatis notio aus 
getur additis verbis avicas zt Oacoor.” Dindorf. 


216 NOTES. 


1257, 1258. Kairor.... xaedonov, And yet I don’t want 
you to suffer this, merely because you were fool enough to call 
a cardopos, tiv xapdomor. 

1259. "Jo. Another creditor, Amynias, arrives, and just 

at this moment his chariot breaks down, and loud cries are 
heard. 
1261. Tav.... épOdyEuro; It was not one of the de- 
mons of Oare-nus that shouted, was it? Carcinus was 
accustomed to introduce heroes or demigods in his tragedies, 
making bitte: lamentations. These characters were sus- 
tained by the cons of the tragedian. 

1264, 126%. "2 oxdyos....anwddecag. These exclama- 
tions of Amyuias are quotations from some one of the plays 
of Carcinus. or his son Xenocles. Mitchell observes, 
acutely, —“ When we recollect that the Attic theatre was 
opened only at distant intervals, but that the whole day was 
devoted to txe drama, tragedies and comedies succeeding each 
other, it sens not improbable that the comic poets would 
often keep an eye upon their brethren of the buskin, to see 
whether sywmething might not occur which might be put to 
instant *<, in the shape of parody or travesty. In the 
present instance, for example, why may not Amynias’s ac- 
cident be a parody on a similar one which some hero or 
god haa suffered in a tragedy of Xenocles (son of Car- 
cinus), the quotations here put into the mouth of Amy- 
nias being the same which, not many hours before, had 
come upon the ears of the audience in the deep tones of 
tragedy ?” ! 

1266. Ti... . xaxdv; What harm has Tlepolemus done 
you? The words quoted in the preceding line may have 
been uttered by the tragic character, Tlepolemus, son of - 
Heracles ; or the allusion may be, as Mitchell supposes, 
to the story of Tlepolemus having accidentally killed his 
father’s uncle, Licymnius (son of Electryon and brother of 
Alcmene), intending only to beat the slave by whom Licym- 
nius was attended. See IL, Il. 653-670 (especially 662, 663). 


NOTES. 217 
(1269. uai xaxds mengaydrt, especially as I have been so 
unlucky. 

1271. Kaxcg.... doxeic, You were really unlucky, as I 
think; that is, when you lent my son the money; for you 
never will get back an obol. 

1272. “Inmovg élavvoy. This again is a parody from 
some tragic scene. 

1273. ax ovov xaranecwy; A proverbial expression, ap- 
plied to persons who do any thing inconsiderately. There 
is also a play upon the similarity of dz’ dvev and a0 vov. 

The scene that now ensues is one of the most humorous 
in the play. The ingenious argument of Strepsiades against 
usury has been, in substance, frequently and very gravely 
urged im modern times. 

1298. ovx élGs, © cappdoa; Strepsiades pricks him with 
the goad, and addresses him as if he were a horse. oap- 
gga, the horse so called from the brand. 

1300. tov cergagdgor, the rein-horse, the horse that was 
not in the collar under the yoke. 

1301, 1302. gusdiov . . . . Evvmpiow, I thought I should 
start you with your wheels and span. For the use of péddo 
with the fut. inf., see Matt. Gr. Gr., § 498,d. Schiitz thinks 
the expression refers to the wheels and chariot which were 
the occasion of the debt to Amynias; “id vero comice sic 
effertur, quasi Amynias tanquam equus ceigaopog ipse cur 
rui alligatus esset.” But the phrase is probably only a cant 
expression, like one frequently used by political newspaper 
editors, when they speak, in their slang, of an opponent 
being beaten, horse, foot, and dragoons. 

1304. [égac6eic, the MSS. reading in this verse does not 
agree with ¢{yjrev in the antistrophe, and is probably corrupt. 
The common emendation éagGeé¢ means elated, puffed up.] 

1320. "Iowe .... eivau, Perhaps, perhaps he will wish 
that his son were dumb. 'That is, he will be likely to receive 
such treatment at the hands of his scapegrace son, that he 

19 


218 NOTES. 


would rather have him dumb than gifted with such elo- 
quence. No sooner is the prediction uttered than it is ful- 
filled. Loud cries are heard from Strepsiades, calling upon 
his neighbors for help against his son, who has been giving 
him a beating. Not only so, but the young reprobate very 
coolly admitting the fact, turns his newly acquired logical 
. powers to use in defence of the-act. Thus Strepsiades 
begins to reap the fruits of his dishonest schemes. 

1323. maoy téyry, by all means, with all your power. 

1324. Oiwor.... yrabov, O dear, poor wretch that Iam! 
O my head and my jaw! Genitive of exclamation. See 
Soph. Gr. Gr. § 194, 2. 

1333. Kot .... diy; And how can tt be just to beat a 
father ? é 

1338-1341. ’EdvWoScpny .... vigor. Hermann supposes 
ay to be understood after édida&apuyy ; but this would change 
the whole meaning of the passage. He does not mean to 
say, I would have had you taught, etc., but, Sure enough, I 
have had you taught the art of opposing justice, if you are 
going to persuade me that tt is right and just for a father to 
be beaten by his sons ; you have learned the art with a ven- 
geance, if this is the way you are going to apply it. 

1347. e py tp "aenoibew, had he not had something to rely 
upon. 

1852. mévrmg.... Sodoeg. The future used as an im- 
perative, or in the sense of you must do it, completely, or by 
all means. 

1356. [Simonides wrote an ode in honor of an A®ginetan 
wrestler named Krios, which began, °"Eméta0 6 Koos ovx 
aeixéwc, and described how Krios decked (or combed) him- 
self for the contest. Strepsiades is made (by a change of 
énékato to énézOn) to call this “The Shearing of the Ram.” 
See Hdt. VI. 50, where an A®ginetan Krios is mentioned. ] 

1357, 1858. ‘O 8 .... adovour, But he said at once, that 
it was old-fashioned to play upon the lyre, and sing over the 





ey". ee ees) ee ee 


NOTES. : = oe 


wine, like a woman grinding barley. A miller’s song has 
been preserved by Plutarch. “Ade, pila, ches xak yag 
Ilirraxos ads, weycdng Mervigrys Baovedor. 


Grind, mill, grind, 
For e’en Pittacus grinds, 
Of great Mitylene the king. 


1364. diAd, at least. The sentence is elliptical. Supply 
tf he would sing nothing else. See Kiihner, § 322. 

1371. [‘2¢ éxiver. This refers to the AXolus of Euripides, 
in which Macareus offers violence to his sister Canace. See 
Ovid, Trist. II. 384:— 


Nobilis est Canace fratris amore sui.] 


1375. "Enocg.... joewdopus08, Then we went at it, from 
word to word. 

1382, 1383. Ei....dgror. Old Strepsiades reverts to 
the care which he had taken of his ungrateful son in his 
infancy ; when he could merely lisp, his father understood 
him and supplied his wants; when he said guy (a Greek 
baby-work for drink), he gave it him; and when he said 
popper, something to eat, he gave him bread; and when 
other necessities of infantile nature were intimated, he would 
help the youngster through his trouble. 

1395, 1896. To... . égePivOov, I would not give a chick- 
pea for the old man’s skin. Construction, gen. of price. 

1399-1405. ‘Q¢.... xodafew. The young sophist is in 
an ecstacy with his newly acquired powers. He cannot 
help comparing his present intellectual state with his former 
dulness and stupidity: once, when horses were his passion, 
he could not put three words together without blundering ; 
but now his intellects have attained to such a marvellous 
growth, that he can prove it just to thrash his father ;—a 
whimsical result of the new education. 

1406, 1407. “Jnaeve .... imrgifijver. Strepsiades gives 
up in despair. He would rather come down with the money 


220 | NOTES. 


for a chariot and four, than be thus beaten within an inch 
of his life. 

1408, 1409. ’Exeioe.... érumteg ; Phidippides, however, 
is not to be cheated out of his argument. He is determined 
to prove his point; and he does it by a most ingenious piece 
ef logic. 

1415. [This verse is a parody of Eur. Alcest. 691 (whence 
the iambie trimeter) : — 

Xalpecs opav pas, rarépa od xalpew Soxels ;} 

1423, 1424. ‘“Hrrov .... artiimtew; Since the maker 
of this law was but a man like you and me, why should n’t 
I, too, get a new law made for the future,—a law in favor 
of sons,—that they may thrash their fathers in turn. 

1429. mhyy.... youqovow; except that they don’t make 
_ popular decrees. The wigiopa was a vote, or decree, passed 
by the people in the éxxdyoia. The individual who pro- 
‘posed the wyqiopa was said yecqe, literally, to write tt, 
that is, to bring it forward in regular form, ready drawn. 

1481. nani... . xabevdeg ; and go to roost at night? 

1434. dixavs ei éyo; Ihave a right. For the personal 
construction of dixaws, see Kiihner, Gr. Gr. § 306, R. 
6, 7. 

1486. Maryy .... tebongec, I shall have had my flog- 
gings for nothing, and you will have died grinning at me. 

1437. dixeuw. Strepsiades is now thoroughly convinced 
of his error, and admits the justice of his punishment; but 
still the son persists in carrying out, to a more monstrous 
length, the new principlés and views of duty which he has 
‘acquired under the Socratic instruction. 

1440. Sxewar .. « . yvopny, Consider still another philo- 
sophical idea. Phidippides is mimicking the philosophical 
cant that he has before heard his father using. — 740 yag 
Oovpou, I will not; for J shall die if Ihear another. ydg 
often implies a whole clause; sometimes an answer to a 
question, sometimes an explanatory remark. Mitchell 
thinks the meaning here is, Jt will be death to me, if I 


NOTES, f “901 


do not consider his new yrouy. But the reverse is more 
likely to be the true meaning, — Jt will be the ruin of me, 
if I do consider the new idea. 

1441. Kai....aénovOac, And yet perhaps you will not 
be troubled (that is, when you have heard my new idea) by 
having suffered what you have heretofore endured. The 
* sentence is equivocal. It may mean either, Z’he new notion 
will be so pleasing to you, that you will forget all your pres- 
ent troubles ; or, Jt will be so much worse than any thing 
you have had before, that your present troubles will seem as 
nothing in the comparison. Strepsiades takes it in the 
former sense; and so did the French lady who remarks 
upon the proposition, —“ Cela est plaisant. Il y a aujourd- 
hui bien des maris, qui se consoleroient d’étre battus, si 
leurs femmes étoient battues.” 

The dialogue that follows is supposed to be aimed at Eu- 
ripides, in several of whose plays sentiments of irreverence 
towards mothers were introduced, besides wholesale denun- 
ciations of all the sex. Strepsiades has still sense enough 
left to be shocked by his son’s impiety towards his mother ; 
in fact, this last extreme of sophistic wickedness is all 
that was wanting to work a complete moral cure in the old 
man. 

1450. Bégabgor. This was properly the pit into which 
the bodies of executed criminals were thrown. 

1457. ényoste, instigated. : 

1464-1471. In the ensuing dialogue between the father 
and son, Phidippides retorts, with considerable effect, the 
language that Strepsiades had used early in the play. 

1473. Au rovrort tov Aivor, On account of this Dinos, 
this stupid Dinos, as Kock interprets it, which Socrates has 
put into my head. 

1475. ’Erravda.... payvega, Be mad and play the fool 
Sor yourself. ‘Uttering these words, Phidippides leaves the 


scene. 
19 * 


222 NOTES. 


1476, seyq. The old man, being left alone, exclaims 
upon his jolly in giving up the gods for Socrates. Then, 
addressing himself to Hermes, asks his pardon and coun- 
sel how he shall punish these audacious sophists; iz .... 
youwdpsvoc, whether I shall prosecute them, bringing an ac- 
tion. These are legal terms. See Demosthenes de Corona, 
passim. 

1483. ’"Op0ao . . . . Sixogdaqeiv, You advise me rightly, 
not consenting that I should get entangled in a lawsuit,— 
addressed to Hermes again, whom he affects to be listening 
to, and to follow his advice. He calls his servant Xanthias 
to bring a pickaxe, and climb upon the roof of the phron- 
tistery, and knock it in about their ears. Then, taking a 
lighted torch, he mounts a ladder, and sets fire to the build- 
ing: The disciples are ‘smoked out; and at last Socrates 
and Cherephon come forth themselves to see what is the 
matter. They find Strepsiades at work on the roof. 

1496. Avadenrohoyovpon.... oixiag, I’m chopping logie 
with the rafters of the house. 

1503. *AegoBara. ... . yisov. Strepsiades is mimicking 
and repeating the speech which Socrates made to him, on 
his first introduction to the phrontistery, when the philoso- 
pher was suspended in the basket, prosecuting his lofty re- 
searches. 

1506. Ti ye pabdr’. Addressed to Socrates and Chas 
rephon. For the idiom, see ante, note to 1. 402. 

1510. pergiog, enough. -« 


~ 


APPENDIX TO THE NOTES. 





[The following references are to Goodwin’s “ Syntax of the 
Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb,” published in Cambridge,. 
in 1865.] 


Verse 5. ovx av mpd rod. § 42, 8, N. 2. 


6. 
11. 
21. 
24. 
35. 
38. 
41. 
55. 
63. 


77. 
79. 
86. 
87. 
89. 
98. 
105. 
106. 
108. 


amddow. § 82. 

péyxoper. *§ 85. 

dép ido. § 85, N.1. 

é£exdrn. § 83, 1. 

évexupdacacba. § 23, 2. 

karadapbeciv. § 23,1. (Cf § 15, 2, N. 1.) 

Shen dmoréaba. § 83,2. (Cf. § 49, 2, N. 3, Bb.) 

épackor dy. § 30,2. (Cf. § 37, 3, N.) 

mpocerider. § 11, N. 2. So with ’ridéuny, vs.65. (Cf. eéueba, 
vs. 67.) 

§ 50, 1. 

§ 52, 2 

etrep Gideis. § 49, 1. 

midopa. § 88. 

dy (4 av) mapawéow. § 61, 3. 

qv tis SidG.  § 51. 

pnd€ev elms. § 86. (See vs. 1478.) 

§ 49, 1. 

ovx dy, et Soins. § 42, 3, N. 2; and § 50, 2. 


116-118. fy pabys, ovc dv dmodoiny ovd dv dBorddv. § 54,1 (8); 


119. 
120. 


§ 42, 8. 

ovk dv miBoipny. § 52, 2. 

Staxexvaropévos (== el Staxexvarcpévos cinv). § 109,63 § 52, 1 
(See vss. 689, 792, 1237, 1383.) 


oz4 


125. 
142. 
145. 
174. 
176. 
181. 
208. 
216. 
217. 
229. 


231, 
242. 


945. 
246. 
257. 


267. 


268. 
296. 


801. 
822. 
340. 
345. 
350. 
351. 
352. 
367. 
871. 


376. 
402. 
425. 


APPENDIX TO THE NOTES. 


cioeyut. § 10,1, N. 6. 

qKo. §10,1,N. 4. 

G@draro. § 70, 2. 

joOnv. § 19, N.5. (See vs. 1240.) 

elev, well ; properly a wish. § 82. 

dvicas. § 109, N. 8. (See vss. 506, 635, 1253.) 

émei. §§ 80; 81,1. 

dmayayein. g 23,1; §91. 

oludtecd. § 25,1,N.5. (See vss. 811, 1352, 1499.) 

ei py (sc. eEedpov). § 52, 1. For xpeydoas and xarapitas, 
see § 109, 2. 

232. § 49,2; and Remark (0). 

éhabes yevduevos. § 112, 2. For the Aor. Part. see § 24, 
N. 1. (See vs. 1079.) 

vr’ dv mpdrrn. § 61, 3. 

karadnoew. § 27, N. 1. 

Gras pr Ovoere (Sc. oxomeire). § 45, N. 7.* (See vss. 489- 
824, 882, 1177, 1464.) 

mpw av. § 67. 

TO €pe eAGev. § 104; Appendix II. (See vs. 819.) 

ov py) oKaYns pnde monons dmep of tpvyodaipoves otro See 
§ 89, 2, with Notes and Remarks. [There is no good reason 
for emending the MSS. readings here to cxowee and roujoers. 
The analogy of the common form jz) oxoWys would make 
ov pu) oK@Y ys as natural as od pu) oK@Yet.] 

dyduevar. § 109, 5. 

date. § 65, 3. 

ti mabovoa. § 109, N.7 (6). (See vss. 402, 1506.) 

Grr’ dv épopa. § 61, 3. 

qeacay. § 30,1. (See vs. 352.) 

hv katid@ot. § 51. 

éyévovro. See vs. 350. 

ov pi) Anpnons. (A prohibition.) § 89, 2. (See vss. 296, 505.) 

xpiv vew. § 49, 2, N. 3 ©. A protasis is implied if i 
could do so. 

drav. § 62. 

ri paddy; § 109, N.7(b). (See vss. $40, 1506.) 

oS’ dv dravrdv. § 42, 3, N. 1. “Ay, like odd’, belongs te 
divtdexGeinv: aravréy being the protasis: § 109, 6; § 52, 1, 


APPENDIX TO THE NOTES. 225 


426. § 42, 4. 

427. 6 rt Spader. § 71. ds. § 81, 1. 

430. Néeyew. § 93, 2. 

434. dca with Infinitive. § 98,1, N. 1. 

439. & rt BovNovrar (= ef re BovAovra). § 61, 1. 

441, rinre.y, ket. A- § 97. 

443. eimep Siapevéodpar. § 50,1,N.1. So in ve. 1 452, el pe xa- 
Aodor (Fut.). 

466. dore. § 98, 1. 

484, 485. § 51. 

486. Adyew. § 91. 

489. Swws. See vs. 257. Grav. § 61, 8. 

494. qv ris romry. § 51. 

499. dopdooyv. § 109, 5. 

505. ob ph. § 89,2, N.1. (See vss. 296, 367.) 

506. dvicas. § 109, N. 8. (See vs. 181.) 

509. For another explanation of ¢yav, see § 109, N. 8; and Liddell 
and Scott, s. v. éya. 

512. yevotro. § 82. 

520. vxnoaynt, vousCoiuny. § 82; and Rem. before § 12. ovres. 
§ 82, N. 4. 

535. Hv émrdyn, an elliptical protasis. § 53, N. 2. 

560. doris yea (= ef ris yeAG). § 61, 1. 

579. hv 9, if there is ever, &c. § 51. 

586. ob haveivy, x... § 74, 1 (third example from the end). 

589. § 74, 1 (first examples). 

614. pimpin. § 86. 

618. ivi’ dy. § 62. 

631. mply pabeiv. § 106; § 67. © 

635. dvicas. See vs, 181. 

668. dare. § 65, 8. 

680. fy ay. § 52, 2. 

689. evruydv (= ef evrixois). § 109, 6; § 52, 1. (See vss. 120, 
792, 1287, 1383.) 

694. ri dpa; § 88. 

702. Grav méons. § 62. 

716. py Gaye. § 86. 

725. et. § 68, 3. 

727, 728. § 114, 1 and 2. 

729. ris dy emBddo. § 82, N. 5. 


226 APPENDIX TO THE NOTES. 


789. Sos fy. §44,1,N. 2. (See vss. 988, 1461.) On the other 
hand, in vs. 759, érws is an indirect interrogative, and dy 
belongs to adpaviceras. (So in vs. 776.) 

760. ¢nrnréov. § 114, 2. 

769. ri dnt dy (sc. yévorro). § 538, N. 8. 

770. émdre ypaporro, depending on ef éxrigayu. § 64, 1. 

776. érws. See vs. 759. 

783. ovk dy didataipnv. § 52, 2, Note. 

792. yn pabav (= eav py pdb). § 52, 1. (See vss. 120, 689.) 

798. ri mdm; § 88, N. 2. (Cf. § 109, N. 7, 5.) 

808. do’ dv xehedys. § 61, 3. 

811. dmokdwWes. § 25,1, N.5. (See vs. 1352.) 

819. 7d Ata vopifew. § 104. (See vs. 268.) 

823. pabdv. §109,6. (See vs. 689.) 

824. Gras pr diddEns, § 45, N. 7. (See vs. 257.) 

829. Exyov. § 113; § 73, 2. 

837. Aovodpevor. 'g 109, 5. 

838. donep reOyn@ros Gc e. domep éroies ay, et eee fv). § 109, 
N. 3 (8). 

840. § 42, 3. 

844-846. Spdcw, Ero, dpdow. § 88. 

854,855. § 30,2; § 62, Rem. 

870. § 50, 2. 

882. draws padnoera. § 45, N.7. (See vs. 257.) 

887. das duvncera. § 45. meore is used like émpedou. (See 
vs. 1107.) 

895. mov. § 109, 2. 

912. mdtrav. § 73, 2. 

938. dros dy. § 44,1, N.2. (See-vss. 739, 1461.) 

942. dy dy XeEn.  § 61, 3. 

965. ei xaravipor. § 51. (So in vs. 970.) 

974. dros SeiEeav. § 44,13 § 21, 1. 

987. évreruvAixOar. § 18, 3, Note. 

- 00. ei weiner. § 50,1, N. 1. 

1009. dy ppdfw. § 59. 

1035. etrep bmepBadei. § 49, 1, N. 8. 
1049. rovnoa. § 23, 2. 

1056, 1057. § 49, 2, Rem. (6). 

1067. cwdpoveiv. § 94. 


APPENDIX TO THE NOTES. 227 


1079. fv réyns dos. § 112, 2.° For the Aor. Part. see § 24 
N. 1. (See vs. 242.) 

1106. &i8doKo. § 88. 

1107. péuvnoo dras. See vs. 887. 

1125. dmoxexéWovra. § 29, N. 2. 

1129, 1130. BovAnoerat kay ev Alyirre ruyxeiv Sv, x. rd. The idea 
is, so that (in view of these threats) he will. sooner wish that , 
he might by some chance find himself in Egypt than (wish) to 
judge unfairly. The Infinitive with dy seems here to be 
used after BovAowa, like the Future Infinitive after that 
and similar verbs (G. § 27, N. 2), as a sort of indirect ex- 
pression of the substance of the wish itself, which in the 
direct discourse would be, réxouys av dv ev Aiyinre, I would 
Jind myself in Egypt (if I could). Compare éBovdovyrTo 
mporipwpnoeoba, THuc. VI. 57. 

1141. dicdoeoOa (Cod. Paris, 2712). Vulg. didoacda: see 
§ 23, 2, N. 3. 

_ 1151. § 63, 4 (a); § 54, 1 (a). 

1157. § 52, 2. 

1172. ideiv. § 93, 2, N. 38. 

1177. draws odces. § 45, N. 7. (See vs. 257.) 

1183. ef pi yévoir’ dv. § 50, 2, N. 2. 

1211. jvix’ dy. § 61, 3 (or § 62). 

1227. dmoddcew. § 73,1; § 27. 

1236. dmddow. See vs. 6. 

1237. d:aopnxGeis. See vs. 120. 

1240. fobnv. §19,N.5. (See vs. 174.) 

1252. dcov ye uw cidévar. § 100. 

1253. dvicas. See vs. 181. 

1255. Conv. § 82. 

1269. mempayort. § 109, 4. 

1277. mpooxerAjoba. § 18, 3 (a). 

1283. Sixatos drodaBeivy. § 93,1,N.2. (See vs. 1434.) 

1301. gueddov Kujoew. § 25,2; with the notes. 

1347. ef pn to meroibew. § 49, 2, Rem. (6). 

1852. 8pdces. See vss. 217, 811, 

1371. éxive. § 70, 2, N. 1 (a). 

1377. doris. § 59, N. 2. 

1878 ¢’ x cizw; § 88 


228 APPENDIX TO THE NOTES. 


1382. ef efros. § 51, Rem. meiv. $97. ay énécxov. § 80, 2. (See 
vss. 55, 855.) 

1383. airnoavros (= el airnceas). § 52, 1. So, in vs. 1382, 
eixdvros cov might have been used for «i eiras. (See also 
§ 42, 8.) 

1395. AdBoupev dv. § 54, 1 (a). 

1398. Saws doéns. A pure final clause. §44, 1. 

1402. mpiv. § 106, N. 2. 

1408. pérequs. § 10, 1,N. 6. 

1425. mpiv. § 106. 

1433. ef dé pn, otherwise ; i.e. day rimeys. § 52,1, N. 2. 

1434. See vs. 1283. 

"486. xexdavoera. § 29. 

1450 éu3arciv. We might have had pi ode éuBadeiv after ovdey 
korvce. § 95, 2, N. 1. 

7 28. Svrw dv yrapev. § 62. 

1460. gws dy. § 66, 4 (example 1). 

1461. Sras dy. § 44,1,N.2. (See vss. 789, 938.) 

1468. § 49, 2, N. 8 (2). 

1464. Sas drodeis. § 45,N. 7. (See vs. 257.) 

1478, 1479. Ovpawwe, émirplyys. § 86; and Rem. before § 12. 

1489. ws dv. § 66, 2. 

1499. dwodeis. § 25,1, N. 5. (See ¥ vs. 217.) r 

1506. ri pabovres. See vss. 840, 402. 


. 


7 » 


2 
. . 





— ¥ 
= 8 
; 

# 


Chet 





METRES. 





[The references in the following Table are to Munk’s Metres of 
the Greeks and Romans, translated from the German by Beck and 
Felton, ] 


ProLtogus, 1-274, 
Lines 1-262. Iambic trimeter acatalectic, with comic 


license. See Munk, pp. 76, 162, 171, seqq. 
263-274. Anapestic tetrameter catalectic. Munk, 


p. 101. 
CHORUS. 


Strophe, 275 - 290 = Antistrophe, 299-313. Dactylic 
system. Munk, pp. 244-246. 


Ai ik Eph 


ie RN eae Det ied Beten Meee Ape gia! | 5 A 
SN EAA Se ED! Se” fermen BM 2) 

Be Bib hos doko, Db. 

eRe Esto i Ps Oo 

Bete SS de a te oe lich ah ths: Dee Pe SH 

| CAN SE Rica y eaeewiers nt sane Ib. 

aE Sy ey en Re Ib. 

OPE deh Crk wos Ld Ib. 

BOE Be Bi Sw how k — -M.'p..86 (5). 
fMekookw ts Mp, 90 (b). 

BA Atha Ad. nedtsking us. 2 p. 86 

Pt ho lalek Sp abner no nls eet ar nh rm Lb. 
14,4044 — Dactyl. trim. with anacrusis. 


(231) 


932 METRES. 


. 291-297. Anapestic tetrameter catalectic. M. p. 101 

814-438. Anapestic tetrameter catalectic. Ib. 

439 — 456. Anapestic system. .M. p. 246, seqq. 

Ono tos M. p. 65 (). 

Be hones oh aks irtaok sat Wa, OF (6). 

Rene Sok 2 se a ae: MD. OOO). 

460.104 24=> Ithyphallic. M. p. 69 (3). 
Geos Wp th), 0). 


—~to40cC+4ccC+4 Dact. trim. cat. with anacrusis. 
Pay ok ee tO Eo AL p. SL G)s poten 
Be OUe tees Pow oa a | ee Pe I LO) 


BT AON the aE Ps bic Nk ea en 
p- 83 (2). 96 (c). 
470. hres ies dhe es he a dee ws an te POE OR 
Poet bat oa 7M. p27 (3))(b), 
ok Ep Ria og! Ree eann Stage Bega Preprint mame Ba Pee «yal ()) 
476,477. Anapestic tetrameter catalectic. M. p. 101. 
478 —509. Iambic trimeter. 


PARABASIS, 510-626. 


© Koppdriy, 510-517. II. OapdBacrs proper, 518-562. IIL 
Makxpoy or aviyos, wanting. IV. ’Qidy, 563-574. V. ’Enip- 
pnpa, 575-594. VI. ’Avr@dn, 595-606. VIL ’Avremippnua, 
607-626 See Munk, p. 336. 


O80. 5 Anapestic. “B.'p. 98, 100 Gb): 
Misco ME p.'99- (a). 

tae cams tc we tp. 29, BEGG.S ps LAL (Eye 
i Ea ge Ba once Ib. Ib. 

FR ad ee Ack Sa Tb. : Ib. 

Be isons oN al we ee Ib. Ib. 
Oa ee BO 1b) 


517. Us inn | a 
518 — 562. Eupolidean metre, consisting of a double basis 
and a choriambus (i. e. a polyschematist Glyconic, 


M. p. 135), followed by a double basis and a cretic 


METRES. * 233 
Strophe, 563 - 574 == Antistrophe, 595 - 606. 


1, 2. —cvuifoecl Choriamb.. dimeter, 
3. Mes teh ot SS do. catal. 

4, mn oe pies tose Ps cic a ee 
5 Ste lod oe |e 


Chor. tetr. catal. in amphibrachyn. 
Te aa eae in ae US ae Dactyl. tetrameter, 
ae es ay a aE nett eg ee Dee 
8. X *_ | _~_ Polyschemat. Glyc. M’ p. 135. 


ee ae | li aia do. 
10. =o foUuT oh. & “Ghyconia. “Me pide 
#1, ——|—. =~ |= Pherecratic. M. p. 182. 


575 — 594, 607 - 626. Troch. tetr. catal M.p.68(d). - 


627 ~ 699. Iambic trimeter. 


CHORDS. 


Strophe, 700 - 705 = Antistrophe, 805 - 810. 
Ri. | Spe all hee 1 ee 
241s Mp. 78 (8). 

3. L,4- 42 ~_||+-~—M. p. 95 (b), with anacrusis. 

42s Mp. 78-(8), 

5 


ba oF Or ee eng i eee Wer meet oe. Ane Y 


BO he SS SE p. 75.) 
G2 [1 — Mi pp. 125, 126. 

709, 710. Iambic trimeter. 

711-722. Anapestic system. 

723 — 803. Iambic trimeter. 

ete EY ee Ce BE pe 48-3). 
Masog Spee fies SS |] CS 1s Chorientip 


tetrameter catal. in amphibrachyn. M. p. 145 (4). 


_ . 814-888. Iambic trimeter. 


889 — 948. Anapzestic system. 


234* METRES. 


CHORUS. 


Strophe, 949 - 958 = Antistrophe, 1024 — 1033. 
eel, he Vite | ae on i ee 
By Re YS ie Sco ie A ck Ss ie 
3. The metre is uncertain, as the text of this verse is 

corrupt in the Antistrophe, perhaps also in the 
* Strophe. 
Moet Pads So 8B oP aa ae — M. p.145 (4). 
5. Tb. 


| a 


957 — 1008. Anapestic tetram. cat. M. p. 101 (d). 

1009 — 1023. Anapeestic system. 

1034 — 1084. Iambic tetram. cat. M. p. 78 (d). 
“1089-1104. Iambic system. M. pp. 243, 244. 

1105 —1112. Iambic trimeter. 

1113, 1114. Iambic dimeter and Ithyphallic : — 

Eee tte A idee ws dae 

1115-1130. Trochaic tetrameter catalectic. M. p. 68 (d). 

1131-1153. Iambic trimeter. ‘ | 

Mes ean | oho Mp. 78 (8). 


Saeed Oe geo Tb. 

$456. 2 a ae SS CS Iambic trimeter. 

Sl SSS ee ee ee aay pence Ls “ 

1168, se St Mp. 84 (8). 

A SU aa ee ee Ib. 

1160. _12s-—41~ Anapestic. 

1161, 1162. _-Ao~_- 1 ~~ +1 ~— Ianmbic trimeter. 
1163. _-.A-~_--~|]~4—V~ — Doch. dim. M. p. 117, 6. 
ee. a et NR ee <4 4 db. 
1165. A111 Anapestic dimeter. 
£466,..251 5 2 SSB p. 88 (2). 


1167, 1 > 4 M.p. 99 (2); (a). 
TIGR ic bc em 88.(2). 
1169. -AL—~L sis M.p.7 (b). 


METRES. 235 


‘1171 — 1205. Tambic trimeter. 


1206. 


1207. 
1208. 
1209. 
1210. 
1211. 


1212. 


~ +4 | -¥-  Dimeter Ionicus a minore catal. 
M. p. 150. 
i 


—~,4+—|+4 2-— Cretic dimeter with anacrusis. 
’ | A “ “ 

eT a BF 

P , : “ “ 


—~- we —_ a — 


. Iambic dipody. 


-—we 


4 1 Iambic dimeter 


and Cretic dimeter. M. p. 111 (2). 
peed Iambic dimeter 


and Ithyphallic. M. p. 69 (8). 


1214-1302. Iambic trimeter. 


Strophe, 1303 - 1310 = Antistrophe, 1311 — 1320. 


CHORUS. 


1. Iambic trimeter. 

2. Text doubtful. 

3. S£—S+4—— Iambic dimeter. 

steer {A ee eed Mae “ “ 

2 og Wee . sg 

6. 12—_4+4 _-— Trochaic dim. catal. M. p. 65 (b). 

7 £2—-=||4V ~, + — —~ Trochaic dipody and Cretic 
dimeter (last two syllables in the Strophe 
wanting). 

8. Iambic tetrameter cat. (first syllable in the Strophe 
wanting). 


1322 — 1344. Iambic trimeter. 


Cuorvs. 


Strophe, 1345 — 1350 = Antistrophe, 1391 - 1396. 
Verses 1, 3, and 5 are Tambic trimeters. 
Verses 2, 4, and 6 are Dactylic dimeters with the anacrusis : 


Se kiwis b=  M. p88; 


236 


1351 — 1384. 
1386 — 1390. 
1391 — 1396. 
1397 — 1445. 
1446 - 1452. 
1453 — 1509. 


METRES. 
Tambic tetrameter eatalectic. 
Iambic system. 
Antistrophe to 1345 —.1350. 
Iambic tetrameter catalectic. 


Iambic system. 
Jambic trimeter. 


4510. Anapestic tetrameter catalectic, 


THE END. 








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